Urinary tract infections and calculus UTI and renal stones (nepphrolithiasis), bladder stones 2024

Urinary tract infections and calculus UTI and renal stones (nepphrolithiasis), bladder stones 

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Introduction to UTI

A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection in any part of the urinary system, which includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. Most infections involve the lower urinary tract, specifically the bladder and urethra. UTIs are typically caused by bacteria, most commonly Escherichia coli (E. coli), that enter the urinary tract through the urethra and begin to multiply in the bladder. 

Symptoms of uti

Symptoms of a UTI can include a strong, persistent urge to urinate, a burning sensation when urinating, passing frequent, small amounts of urine, urine that appears cloudy, or urine that has a strong odor. If the infection spreads to the kidneys, it can cause more severe symptoms, including fever, back pain, and nausea.

Treatment of uti

UTIs are more common in women than in men, and they can usually be treated effectively with antibiotics.

Introduction to Nephrolithiasis

Nephrolithiasis, commonly known as kidney stones, refers to the formation of hard mineral and salt deposits in the kidneys. These stones can vary in size and may develop when urine becomes concentrated, allowing minerals to crystallize and stick together. 

Symptoms of kidney stones

Kidney stones can cause severe pain when they pass through the urinary tract. Symptoms may include intense pain in the back or side, pain during urination, blood in the urine, and sometimes nausea and vomiting. The pain often starts suddenly and may come in waves as the stone moves. 

Type of kidney stones

The main types of kidney stones include calcium stones (the most common type), struvite stones (which can form after a urinary tract infection), uric acid stones, and cystine stones (which are rare and usually occur in people with a genetic disorder). 

Treatment of kidney stones

Treatment for nephrolithiasis depends on the size and type of stone. Smaller stones may pass on their own with increased fluid intake and pain management, while larger stones may require medical intervention, such as extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) to break the stone into smaller pieces, or surgical removal. Preventative measures often include dietary adjustments and medications to reduce the risk of recurrence.

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