People with red hair need more anesthesia: Research review

girl with red hair

Do redheads need more anesthesia than others?

What does the biology and medical science say?

Recently I was going through an online social network and I saw a post saying redheads need more aneshthesia and here's review on the topic based on multiple researches and publications.

Hope youll enjoy reading it. 

The Science Behind Why Redheads Need More Anesthesia

Have you ever wondered why redheads may require more anesthesia than people with other hair colors? It turns out that there is a scientific explanation for this phenomenon. Redheads have a genetic variation that affects the way their bodies process pain and anesthesia.

The mutation in melanocortin-1 receptor has been attributed to the red hair of theose people and same for the difference in the sensivity to the pain and depth of anesthesia as well. 

This variation causes their bodies to be more resistant to pain medication, requiring higher doses to achieve the same level of pain relief. In addition, redheads also have a higher likelihood of experiencing anxiety and nervousness before surgery, which can also affect their response to anesthesia. This unique attribute of redheads has been studied extensively by medical professionals, and understanding this genetic variation can help anesthesiologists provide more effective care for their redheaded patients. So, if you're a redhead or know someone who is, read on to discover the fascinating science behind this phenomenon.

What is anesthesia and how does it work?

There are three types of anesthesia: general, regional, and local. The anesthesia described here may refer to local or regional anesthesia, sedation and general anesthesia. 

General anesthesia is a state of induced unconsciousness that is used to provide pain relief and muscle relaxation during medical procedures. General anesthesia is the most common and involves the use of drugs that put the patient to sleep and block pain signals to the brain. Regional anesthesia involves numbing a specific area of the body, while local anesthesia involves numbing a small area, such as a tooth or skin patch.

The mutation in melanocortin-1 receptor has been attributed to the red hair of theose people and same for the difference in the sensivity to the pain and depth of anesthesia as well. 

The drugs used in anesthesia work by blocking the transmission of nerve signals that communicate pain and other sensations to the brain. This allows the patient to undergo medical procedures without feeling any pain or discomfort. The mechanism of general enesthesia like propofol may not be completely understood r explained. The amount of anesthesia required depends on various factors, including the patient's weight, age, and medical history.

The genetic mutation responsible for red hair

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Red hair is caused by a genetic mutation in the MC1R gene, which is responsible for producing the pigment that gives hair its color. This mutation causes the gene to produce a protein that is less effective at producing the pigment, resulting in red hair. The MC1R gene is also responsible for producing melanin, which is the pigment that gives skin its color. People with the red hair gene mutation have less melanin in their skin, which makes them more susceptible to sunburn and skin cancer.

The MC1R gene mutation is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, meaning that a person must inherit two copies of the mutated gene (one from each parent) to have red hair. However, even people with just one copy of the mutated gene may exhibit some of the traits associated with red hair, such as fair skin and freckles.

The link between red hair and anesthesia

Research has shown that people with red hair require more anesthesia than people with other hair colors. This is because the MC1R gene mutation affects the way the body responds to certain drugs, including pain medication and anesthesia. The mutation causes the body to produce less of a protein called POMC, which is involved in the production of endorphins, the body's natural painkillers. This results in redheads being less sensitive to certain types of pain medication and requiring higher doses to achieve the same level of pain relief.

In addition to being less sensitive to pain medication, redheads also have a higher likelihood of experiencing anxiety and nervousness before surgery. This can be attributed to the fact that the same genetic mutation that causes red hair also affects the production of the stress hormone cortisol. People with the mutation produce less cortisol, which can lead to increased anxiety and stress.

Studies on redheads and anesthesia

Several studies have been conducted to investigate the link between red hair and anesthesia. One study published in the British Journal of Anaesthesia found that redheads required 20% more anesthesia than people with other hair colors. Another study published in the journal Anesthesiology found that redheads required 19% more anesthesia than people with dark hair and 16% more than people with blonde hair.

These studies also found that redheads were more likely to experience side effects from anesthesia, such as nausea and vomiting. This may be due to the fact that the drugs used in anesthesia are metabolized differently in people with the MC1R gene mutation, leading to a longer recovery time and increased risk of side effects.

Differences in anesthesia dosage for redheads

The fact that redheads require more anesthesia than people with other hair colors has important implications for healthcare providers. Anesthesiologists must take this into account when administering anesthesia to redheaded patients, as failing to do so can result in inadequate pain relief and increased risk of side effects.

To ensure that redheads receive the appropriate amount of anesthesia, anesthesiologists may need to adjust the dosage based on the patient's hair color and genetic makeup. This can be done by conducting a genetic test to determine whether the patient has the MC1R gene mutation and adjusting the anesthesia dosage accordingly.

Other medical considerations for redheads

In addition to requiring more anesthesia, redheads may also be more susceptible to certain medical conditions. For example, research has shown that redheads have a higher risk of developing skin cancer due to their fair skin and reduced ability to produce melanin. They may also be more susceptible to certain types of pain, such as chronic pain and migraine headaches.

Redheads may also require different dosages of other types of medication, such as painkillers and antidepressants. This is because the MC1R gene mutation affects the way the body processes these drugs, just as it affects the way the body processes anesthesia.

Challenges for healthcare providers

The fact that redheads require more anesthesia and may be more susceptible to certain medical conditions can present challenges for healthcare providers. Anesthesiologists must be aware of the unique needs of redheaded patients and take steps to ensure that they receive the appropriate care.

This may involve conducting genetic testing to determine whether the patient has the MC1R gene mutation and adjusting the anesthesia dosage accordingly. It may also involve providing additional support to redheaded patients who may be more anxious or stressed before surgery.

Coping mechanisms for redheads undergoing anesthesia

If you're a redhead who is scheduled to undergo anesthesia, there are steps you can take to help ensure a successful outcome. First, make sure to inform your healthcare provider that you have red hair and discuss any concerns you may have about anesthesia. Your provider can work with you to develop a plan that addresses your unique needs and concerns.

You may also want to consider relaxation techniques such as deep breathing, meditation, or visualization to help reduce anxiety and stress before surgery. These techniques can help you feel more relaxed and may even reduce the amount of anesthesia you require.

Conclusion and future research directions

The science behind why redheads require more anesthesia is a fascinating area of research that has important implications for healthcare providers. By understanding the link between red hair and anesthesia, anesthesiologists can provide more effective care to redheaded patients and reduce the risk of side effects.

However, there is still much to learn about the unique needs of redheaded patients. Future research in this area may focus on developing new anesthesia drugs that are more effective for redheads or identifying other medical conditions that may be more prevalent in this population.

Overall, the science behind why redheads require more anesthesia is just one example of how genetic variations can affect the way our bodies respond to medication and medical procedures. By understanding these variations, healthcare providers can provide more personalized care that takes into account each patient's unique needs and genetic makeup.

References:

1. Edwin B. Liem, Chun-Ming Lin, Mohammad-Irfan Suleman, Anthony G. Doufas, Ronald G. Gregg, Jacqueline M. Veauthier, Gary Loyd, Daniel I. Sessler; Anesthetic Requirement Is Increased in Redheads. Anesthesiology 2004; 101:279–283 doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200408000-00006
2. Chua, M.V., Tsueda, K. & Doufas, A.G. Midazolam causes less sedation in volunteers with red hair. Can J Anesth 51, 25–30 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03018542
3. Edwin B. Liem, Teresa V. Joiner, Kentaro Tsueda, Daniel I. Sessler; Increased Sensitivity to Thermal Pain and Reduced Subcutaneous Lidocaine Efficacy in Redheads. Anesthesiology 2005; 102:509–514 doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200503000-00006
4. Robinson KC, Kemény LV, Fell GL, Hermann AL, Allouche J, Ding W, Yekkirala A, Hsiao JJ, Su MY, Theodosakis N, Kozak G, Takeuchi Y, Shen S, Berenyi A, Mao J, Woolf CJ, Fisher DE. Reduced MC4R signaling alters nociceptive thresholds associated with red hair. Sci Adv. 2021 Apr 2;7(14):eabd1310. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abd1310. PMID: 33811065.
5. McGoldrick, Kathryn E. MD. Anesthetic Requirement Is Increased in Redheads. Survey of Anesthesiology 49(1):p 3, February 2005. | DOI: 10.1097/01.sa.0000151196.69484.b6 
6. Xing Y, Sonner JM, Eger EI 2nd, Cascio M, Sessler DI. Mice with a melanocortin 1 receptor mutation have a slightly greater minimum alveolar concentration than control mice. Anesthesiology. 2004;101:544-546
7. https://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.37906
8. Brock Droll, Melissa Drum, John Nusstein, Al Reader, Mike Beck, Anesthetic Efficacy of the Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block in Red-haired Women, Journal of Endodontics, Volume 38, Issue 12, 2012, Pages 1564-1569, ISSN 0099-2399, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2012.08.014. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0099239912008059)
9. https://www.bastenpsychology.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Dental-phobia-screening-tool.pdf
10. Liem EB, Joiner TV, Tsueda K, Sessler DI. Increased sensitivity to thermal pain and reduced subcutaneous lidocaine efficacy in redheads. Anesthesiology. 2005 Mar;102(3):509-14. doi: 10.1097/00000542-200503000-00006. PMID: 15731586; PMCID: PMC1692342.