Typhoid vaccine guideline Nepal (Rastriya Khop talika) 2081

Typhoid vaccine guideline Nepal (Rastriya Khop talika) 2081

Table of contents(toc)

Typhoid is a bacterial illness caused by Salmonalla Typhi bacteria. 

Typhoid had been a amajor issue in part of the world with developing and underdeveloped countries. 

Introduction: Typhoid Vaccine Guidelines in Nepal

Key Points

• Target Groups:

  • Children aged 9 months to 15 years are the primary focus for vaccination.
  • High-risk groups such as healthcare workers, food handlers, and travelers to typhoid-endemic areas.

• Vaccine Type:

  • Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine (TCV): A single-dose vaccine recommended by the WHO, providing long-term protection.
  • Other vaccines like Ty21a and Vi polysaccharide vaccine are alternatives but less commonly used in routine programs.

• Schedule:

  • Routine Immunization:
    • TCV is typically given as a single dose after 6 months of age.
    • Administered alongside other vaccines under Nepal’s National Immunization Program.
  • Catch-up Vaccination Campaigns: Target children up to 15 years in endemic regions.

• Administration:

  • Intramuscular injection.
  • Store the vaccine at 2–8°C to maintain efficacy.

• Effectiveness and Duration:

  • TCV provides protection for up to 5 years or longer.
  • Booster doses are recommended based on the region's typhoid burden.

• Integration with Public Health Programs:

  • TCV was introduced in Nepal's Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) in 2022.
  • Vaccination is combined with water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) initiatives to control typhoid transmission.

• Contraindications:

  • Severe allergic reaction to previous doses.
  • Defer vaccination during acute febrile illness.

• Adverse Reactions:

  • Mild and self-limiting, such as fever, redness, or swelling at the injection site.
  • Serious adverse events are rare.

• Monitoring and Surveillance:

  • Regular disease surveillance to assess vaccine impact and coverage.
  • Reporting of adverse events following immunization (AEFI).

Public Awareness Initiatives

• Education campaigns to highlight the importance of vaccination.
• Collaboration with schools and local organizations to improve coverage.

Global and Regional Context

• Nepal follows WHO guidelines for typhoid vaccination.
• Emphasis on reducing antimicrobial resistance caused by widespread typhoid infections.

National Immunization Schedule, Nepal