Typhoid vaccine guideline Nepal (Rastriya Khop talika) 2081
Introduction: Typhoid Vaccine Guidelines in Nepal
Key Points
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Target Groups:
- Children aged 9 months to 15 years are the primary focus for vaccination.
- High-risk groups such as healthcare workers, food handlers, and travelers to typhoid-endemic areas.
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Vaccine Type:
- Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine (TCV): A single-dose vaccine recommended by the WHO, providing long-term protection.
- Other vaccines like Ty21a and Vi polysaccharide vaccine are alternatives but less commonly used in routine programs.
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Schedule:
- Routine Immunization:
- TCV is typically given as a single dose after 6 months of age.
- Administered alongside other vaccines under Nepal’s National Immunization Program.
- Catch-up Vaccination Campaigns: Target children up to 15 years in endemic regions.
- Routine Immunization:
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Administration:
- Intramuscular injection.
- Store the vaccine at 2–8°C to maintain efficacy.
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Effectiveness and Duration:
- TCV provides protection for up to 5 years or longer.
- Booster doses are recommended based on the region’s typhoid burden.
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Integration with Public Health Programs:
- TCV was introduced in Nepal’s Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) in 2022.
- Vaccination is combined with water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) initiatives to control typhoid transmission.
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Contraindications:
- Severe allergic reaction to previous doses.
- Defer vaccination during acute febrile illness.
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Adverse Reactions:
- Mild and self-limiting, such as fever, redness, or swelling at the injection site.
- Serious adverse events are rare.
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Monitoring and Surveillance:
- Regular disease surveillance to assess vaccine impact and coverage.
- Reporting of adverse events following immunization (AEFI).
Public Awareness Initiatives
- Education campaigns to highlight the importance of vaccination.
- Collaboration with schools and local organizations to improve coverage.
Global and Regional Context
- Nepal follows WHO guidelines for typhoid vaccination.
- Emphasis on reducing antimicrobial resistance caused by widespread typhoid infections.
National Immunization Schedule, Nepal
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