Month: March 2025

How does the knee jerk work?

Table of Contents(toc)

What is knee jerk?

  • Definition: A monosynaptic reflex that tests the integrity of the L2-L4 spinal segments and the femoral nerve.
  • Stimulus: Tapping the patellar tendon with a reflex hammer
  • Response: Contraction of the quadriceps muscle, causing leg extension at the knee.

How does knee jerk work?

Pathway:

  • Sensory input via muscle spindle (intrafusal fibers) of quadriceps.

  • Afferent impulse travels via the femoral nerve to the L2-L4 spinal cord.

  • Synapses directly with an alpha motor neuron (monosynaptic).

  • Efferent impulse sent back through the femoral nerve to the quadriceps.

    • physioogical pathway of knee jerk

What is Use of Knee Jerk in daily life?

  • Function: Maintains posture and balance, prevents knee buckling.

  • Clinical Significance:

    • Hyperreflexia → Suggests upper motor neuron (UMN) lesion.
    • Hyporeflexia/Absent reflex → Suggests lower motor neuron (LMN) lesion or peripheral nerve dysfunction.
    • Westphal’s Sign → Absence of knee jerk, seen in LMN lesions, neuropathies, or spinal cord damage.

What are Associated Conditions with abnormal Knee Jerk reflex:

  • Upper Motor Neuron (UMN) Lesions (Hyperreflexia)

    • Stroke (CVA)

    • Spinal cord injury (above L2-L4 level)

    • Multiple sclerosis (MS)

    • Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) (UMN phase)

    • Traumatic brain injury (TBI)

    • Cerebral palsy

    • Brain tumors affecting corticospinal tract

    Lower Motor Neuron (LMN) Lesions (Hyporeflexia or Absent Reflex)

    • Peripheral neuropathy (e.g., diabetic neuropathy)

    • Guillain-Barré syndrome

    • Poliomyelitis

    • Radiculopathy (L2-L4 nerve root compression, herniated disc)

    • Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) (LMN phase)

    • Cauda equina syndrome

    • Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA)

    • Lumbar plexopathy (e.g., trauma, diabetes, neoplastic infiltration)

Question for practice

Delayed relaxation of ankle jerk is seen in:

a. Addison’a disease
b. Hypothyroidism
c. Thyrotoxicosis
d. Diabetes mellitus
Ans: ‘b’

Explanation

Hung-up reflex refers to prolongation of deep tendon reflexes with a slow relaxation phase (as if in slow motion). Hung up reflex is typical elicited in the ankle jerk (Achilles tendon reflex) in patient with myxedema (other deep tendon reflex) in patient with myxedema may also show slow relaxation).
Brisk (Exaggerated) deep tendon reflex: Upper motor neuron lesion, Hyperthyroidism.
Absent deep tendon reflex: lower motor neuron lesion.
Pendular knee jerk: Cerebellar lesion.

MCQ 2:

A 60-year-old male presents with weakness in both lower limbs and increased knee jerk reflexes. Which of the following is the most likely cause?

A) Guillain-Barré syndrome

B) Diabetic neuropathy

C) Spinal cord injury (above L2)

D) Cauda equina syndrome

Answer: ✅ C) Spinal cord injury (above L2)

Explanation:

  • The knee jerk reflex (L2-L4) is exaggerated (hyperreflexia) in UMN lesions.

  • Spinal cord injury above L2 disrupts the descending inhibitory control from the brain, leading to increased reflexes (hyperreflexia).

  • Guillain-Barré syndrome (A) and diabetic neuropathy (B) cause LMN lesions, leading to absent or reduced reflexes (hyporeflexia).

  • Cauda equina syndrome (D) affects the lumbar and sacral nerve roots, causing flaccid paralysis and absent knee jerk reflex.

Thus, the most likely diagnosis is spinal cord injury above L2, causing bilateral weakness with hyperreflexia.

I was so scared I would GO BLIND but my doctor said THIS!

What is red eye?

Recently I had a red eyes when iI woke up in the morning.
I had fallen asleep completely well in the evening and nothing happened in the night either.
For further information, I am young healthy woman with no any illness neither taking any medication.
I eat goood food and  I have well settled family and I am living happily.
After the event I was so scared that I would go blind and  rushed to hopital emergency and this is what my doctor said about red eye.
My doctor said its not a big deal for now and sometimes this condition can occur without any reason and will go spontaneously after few days.
Subconjunctival hemorrhage may occur spontaneously or with Valsalva associated with coughing, sneezing, straining, or vomiting. The diagnosis is confirmed by normal acuity and the absence of discharge, photophobia, or foreign body sensation.
Further he said this about a red eye:
A red eye caused by bleeding, often called a subconjunctival hemorrhage, is
usually a harmless condition resulting from a broken blood vessel in the white
of the eye (sclera) and typically resolves on its own within a few weeks.

Here’s a more detailed explanation on why eye becomes suddenly red:

There are various causes of red eyes. Out of which some are emergency
conditions while others may not be that serious.

Category Painful Causes Painless Causes
Emergency Causes
  • Acute angle-closure glaucoma
  • Infectious keratitis (bacterial, viral, fungal)
  • Scleritis
  • Endophthalmitis
  • Corneal ulcer
  • Hyphema
  • Chemical burns
  • Subconjunctival hemorrhage (to rule out cause of it)
  • Episcleritis (mild cases)
Non-Emergency Causes
  • Episcleritis (moderate-severe cases)
  • Anterior uveitis (iritis)
  • Foreign body (with corneal abrasion)
  • Contact lens-related irritation
  • Blepharitis (if severe)
  • Allergic conjunctivitis
  • Dry eye syndrome
  • Pinguecula/Pterygium
  • Viral conjunctivitis
  • Bacterial conjunctivitis

What is a subconjunctival hemorrhage?

Subconjunctival Hemorrhage

  • Common in elderly (>80 years), often linked to hypertension.

  • In young (<40 years), usually due to ocular trauma or contact lens use.

  • Risk factors: coagulopathy (anticoagulation), diabetes, Valsalva (coughing, vomiting), amyloidosis, Kaposi sarcoma.

  • Can occur spontaneously during sleep.

  • Circumferential hemorrhage after blunt trauma may indicate globe rupture

Cause:

A subconjunctival hemorrhage occurs when a small blood vessel beneath the
conjunctiva (the clear membrane covering the white of the eye) ruptures.

Appearance:

large subcinjunctival hemorrhage

This causes a bright red patch on the white of the eye, which can look
alarming but is usually not serious.

Common causes:

Sneezing, coughing, straining, or even rubbing the eye too hard can cause a
blood vessel to rupture.

Other causes:

High blood pressure, certain medications (like blood thinners), and eye
injuries can also contribute.

notes in conjunctivitis

 

Symptoms:

The most obvious symptom is a bright red patch on the white of the eye. You
might experience a scratchy feeling on the surface of the eye, but vision,
pain, or discharge are usually not affected.

When to seek medical attention:

Recurrent hemorrhages:

If you experience repeated subconjunctival hemorrhages, it’s a good idea to
consult with a doctor to rule out any underlying conditions.

Other symptoms:

If you experience sudden vision changes, eye pain, or other concerning
symptoms along with the red eye, seek immediate medical attention.

Suspected eye injury:

If you suspect an eye injury or a foreign object in the eye, seek medical
attention.

Bleeding elsewhere:

If you notice bleeding in other parts of your body, consult with a doctor.

Treatment and Prognosis:

Most cases resolve on their own:
Subconjunctival hemorrhages typically
resolve within a few weeks without any specific treatment.

No need for treatment:

Unless there’s an underlying medical condition or eye injury, no treatment
is usually needed.

Symptom relief:

You may use artificial tears to soothe any scratchy feeling.

notes in conjunctivitis

Follow-up:

Make sure to follow up with your doctor as needed, and be sure to make and
go to all appointments.

Other causes of red eyes

Conjunctival Laceration

  • Uncommon but may signal serious ocular injury (e.g., open globe, hyphema).

  • 4% of ocular trauma cases in a large study.

  • Often work-related; linked to airbag deployment, projectiles, compressed air, paintball injuries.

Conjunctival Foreign Bodies

  • Common: sand, dirt, eyelashes, plant material, metal (welding, grinding).

  • Rarely, retained foreign bodies cause prolonged symptoms.

notes in conjunctivitis

Is Jimbu Good for Health? Here are 11 Health Benefits of Jimbu!

Is Jimbu Good for our Health?

Before jumpmg to health benefits of Jimbu, lets discuss what is jimbu and how
do we identify it?

What is Jimbu?

Jimbu is a traditional spice commonly used in northern and himalayan Nepal, India from Uttarakhands to Sikkim area.
It belongs to onion family and tastes similar to onion.
It has typical but slightly different flavour and smell than onion hence it is used as taste enhancer in traditional cooking of Nepal and surrounding region.
It is one of the main ingridient and taste enhancer in traditional Thakali dish in Nepal.
Jimbu is also  called Faran and its scientific name is Allium hypsistum. Another species A. prezewalskianum is also found in Nepal and surrounding region.
Its used to flavour Daal and Vegetables, and is mostly used in dried form but also in raw green for during the harvesting season.
Upto 95 % of households in Northern Nepal (especially Mustang area) use Jimbu in daily cooking.
Jimbu is also called himalayan aromatic herb or himalayan allium (onion).
 It is also known as jamboo/faran in Uttarakhand of India and jhiku-cha in Newari language mostly spoken in Kathmandu valley by Newar people.

Jimbu in English

In English Jimbu is also called Himalayan aromatic herb or Himalayan Allium or Himalayan Onion.

Health Benefits if Jimbu

Though there is n data of proven health benefits os Jimbu, traditionally it has been used also as a hearbal medicine in Nepal and other areas.
The potential health benefits of Jimbu may include following:
  1. Prevention and treatment of flu
  2. Improved digestion
  3. Improved immune system
  4. Prevention from cold and warin up of body
  5. Jimbu is also supposed to make skin better and prevent oxidative damage
  6. It prevents and treats cough and sore throat
  7. It helps in formation and amintainance of red bloood cells precenting anemia
  8. It prevents acidity and stomach disorders
  9. It has Vitamin A and Vitamin C preventing infection and growth of bacteria
  10. Its antioxidant and cholesterol lowering properties prevent cardivascular illness, hypertension and dyslipidemia
  11. It gives stamina to keep you active for longer duration

Jimbu Substitute as taste enhancer

Though Jimbu is outstanding spice in Nepal sometimes you may not find is easily.
So, Kasuri methi (कसुरी मेथि) can be used as alternative as jimbu substitute in everyday cooking.

Conclusion

Jimbu is not only a taste enhancer but also good for health. So consumption of tradional spice “jimbu”is good for health and everyone should consume it regularly in moderate amount,
Sometimes it can also be used as medicine if you have cough, cold, stress, abdominal issues or cardiovascular illnesses.
(Via Guest)

Help! My baby’s heart is beating fast, what should I do? (Ask a doctor)

Why is my baby’s heart rate fast? 

Table of Contents(toc)

A childs health conccern is the most priority for most parents. Especially
mothers who have caring nature and are more caring and notics small changes
in thei childs health.

Why do babies have high heart and respiratory rate?

According to Pediatricians and neonantologists, vital signs of neonates and
children are different than that of Adult humans. This is because of their
small organ size and increased metabolic need for fast growth and
development.
Normal Heart rate  for adults is 60-100 bpm while normal respiratory
rate is  12-18 breaths per minute.

Subscribe to my YouTube Channel

What is the normal heart rate for my baby?

There are several different ranges of resting heart rates to consider for
patients under 10 years of age. Those ranges include:
  • Newborns up to one-month-old: 70-190 bpm
  • Infants 1-11 months: 80-160 bpm
  • Children 1-2 years: 80-130 bpm
  • Children 3-4 years: 80-120 bpm
  • Children 5-6 years: 75-115 bpm
  • Children 7-9 years: 70-110 bpm

What is normal respiratory rate for my baby?

Here’s the
correct respiratory rate (RR) ranges
for children:

  • Newborns (0-1 month):
    30-60 breaths per minute

  • Infants (1-12 months):
    30-50 breaths per minute

  • Toddlers (1-2 years):
    24-40 breaths per minute

  • Preschoolers (3-5 years):
    22-34 breaths per minute

  • School-age children (6-12 years):
    18-30 breaths per minute

  • Adolescents (13-18 years):
    12-20 breaths per minute


Subscribe to YouTube Channel

Causes of Fast Heart rate in Children:

An increased heart rate (tachycardia) in babies and children can be caused by a variety of factors, ranging from temporary conditions to more serious medical concerns. Here’s a list of potential causes:

1. Fever

  • A rise in body temperature can cause an increased heart rate as the body tries to regulate itself.

2. Physical Activity or Exercise

  • Just like in adults, physical exertion or exercise in children leads to an elevated heart rate, which typically returns to normal after rest.

3. Stress or Anxiety

  • Emotional distress, anxiety, or fear can cause an increase in heart rate as part of the body’s “fight-or-flight” response.

4. Pain

  • Acute pain, such as from an injury or illness, can result in tachycardia.

5. Dehydration

  • When the body is dehydrated, blood volume decreases, causing the heart to pump faster to maintain adequate circulation.

6. Anemia

  • In cases of low red blood cell count, the heart compensates for the reduced oxygen-carrying capacity by increasing its rate to supply tissues with oxygen.

7. Infections

  • Systemic infections such as sepsis or localized infections can trigger a rapid heart rate as part of the body’s response to infection.

8. Respiratory Issues

  • Conditions like asthma, bronchiolitis, or pneumonia, where oxygen levels are compromised, can lead to tachycardia as the body works harder to circulate oxygen.

9. Hyperthyroidism

  • Overactivity of the thyroid gland can cause an elevated heart rate, as it increases the metabolism and the heart’s workload.

10. Congenital Heart Conditions

  • Some heart defects, such as atrial or ventricular septal defects, congenital heart failure, or arrhythmias, can cause the heart to beat abnormally fast.

11. Caffeine or Stimulants

  • Consumption of caffeine or other stimulants, such as certain medications or energy drinks, can cause an increase in heart rate.

12. Electrolyte Imbalance

  • An imbalance in electrolytes, such as potassium, calcium, or sodium, can disrupt the normal electrical activity of the heart, leading to tachycardia.

13. Shock

  • Conditions such as hypovolemic shock, cardiogenic shock, or septic shock can cause a rapid heart rate as the body tries to compensate for a lack of blood flow or oxygen.

14. Hypoxia

  • Low oxygen levels due to lung disease or high altitudes can cause tachycardia as the body attempts to increase oxygen delivery.

15. Medications

  • Some medications, including those used to treat respiratory conditions or other chronic illnesses, may increase heart rate as a side effect.

16. Hyperventilation

  • Rapid breathing can sometimes cause an increased heart rate as the body tries to balance oxygen and carbon dioxide levels.

17. Electrocardiographic Abnormalities

  • Conditions such as supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) or ventricular tachycardia are abnormal electrical rhythms of the heart, leading to excessively fast heart rates.

18. Hypoglycemia (Low Blood Sugar)

  • Low blood sugar levels can stimulate the release of stress hormones (like adrenaline), which can increase heart rate.

19. Toxin or Drug Poisoning

  • Ingestion of certain toxic substances or drugs (e.g., alcohol, drugs, or poisons) can lead to tachycardia as part of the body’s response.

20. Heat Stroke or Heat Exhaustion

  • Extreme heat can cause the body to work harder to cool down, leading to an elevated heart rate.

21. Severe Allergic Reactions (Anaphylaxis)

  • In anaphylaxis, the body’s extreme response to an allergen can include rapid heart rate along with other symptoms like swelling, rash, or difficulty breathing.

In cases where a child has an increased heart rate along with other symptoms such as difficulty breathing, chest pain, fainting, or fatigue, it’s important to seek medical care immediately.

Causes of Fast breathing rate in Children:

Fast breathing in babies and children can have various causes, ranging from normal responses to stress or physical activity to more serious medical conditions. Here’s a list of potential causes:

1. Respiratory Infections

  • Bronchiolitis: Often caused by viruses like RSV, leading to inflammation in the small airways of the lungs.

  • Pneumonia: Infection in the lungs that causes rapid breathing, fever, and cough.

  • Croup: Inflammation of the upper airway, leading to a characteristic barky cough and fast breathing.

  • Whooping Cough (Pertussis): A bacterial infection that leads to coughing fits and rapid breathing.

2. Asthma

  • A chronic condition that causes the airways to constrict, leading to wheezing, difficulty breathing, and fast breathing.

3. Allergic Reactions

  • Severe allergic reactions (anaphylaxis) can cause difficulty breathing and rapid respiratory rate due to swelling of the airways.

4. Fever

  • Fever in children can lead to faster breathing as the body works to regulate temperature.

5. Congenital Heart Conditions

  • Conditions such as heart defects can cause difficulty in oxygenating the blood, leading to rapid breathing (tachypnea).

6. Anemia

  • Low red blood cell count can cause the body to breathe faster in an attempt to deliver more oxygen to tissues.

7. Dehydration

  • Dehydration can lead to fast breathing due to decreased blood volume and body stress.

8. Foreign Body Aspiration

  • When a child inhales a small object, it can block the airways, leading to difficulty breathing and increased respiratory rate.

9. Metabolic Disorders

  • Conditions like diabetic ketoacidosis can cause fast, deep breathing (Kussmaul respiration) in response to the metabolic imbalance.

10. Pain

  • Severe pain can cause increased respiratory rate as the body reacts to distress.

11. Exercise or Physical Activity

  • Children may breathe faster during or after physical activity, which is a normal response.

12. Environmental Factors

  • Exposure to smoke or pollution can irritate the airways, leading to rapid breathing.

13. Sepsis

  • A severe infection in the body that can cause a rapid breathing rate as the body tries to cope with systemic infection.

14. Sleep Apnea

  • Children with sleep apnea may have episodes of rapid breathing during sleep, often accompanied by snoring and gasping.

15. Psychological Factors

  • Anxiety or panic attacks can lead to fast, shallow breathing (hyperventilation).

If a baby or child is experiencing fast breathing with additional symptoms like fever, bluish skin, trouble feeding, or lethargy, it’s crucial to seek medical attention immediately.

When to visit a dctor if my baby if breathing fast or heart beat is too
fast?

Here are the steps to know if your baby is breathing too fast or has heart
beating too fast:
  1. Ensure that your baby is properly resting and placed in comfortable
    bed or mother’s arms.
  2. expose the chest area and abdomen to see properly.
  3. Make sure that baby is not crying or playing.
  4. Now count respiratiry rate by cound one cycle of inspiration and
    expiration (noticed by chect movement)
  5. Record for Complete one minute.
  6. Check against above data.
Follow same steps for heart rate too. Heart rate can be detected by
using your had or putting head in baby’s chest or using Stethoscope.
More than above your baby should also be sick or not behaving well like
not feeding well, crying, coughing, wheezing, blue lips limbs, or face,
lose stool, vomiting, not actively playing well or drowsy.
Disclaimer: These Information are for educational purpose only and
intended for education of healthcare provider students. Please consult
your doctor for diagnosis and treatment of your problem. Information in
my website does not establish doctor-patient relationship.

Why do I have white lines in my nail? are they dangerous?

Table of Contents(toc)

Beau line


Beau’s lines are horizontal grooves or ridges that appear on fingernails or toenails, indicating a temporary disruption in nail growth, often caused by illness, injury, or certain medications.

What they are:

Beau’s lines are transverse depressions or grooves that run across the nail plate, appearing as indentations or ridges.

They are named after French physician Joseph Honoré Simon Beau, who first described them in 1846.

They are a sign that nail growth was temporarily stopped or slowed due to a specific event or condition.

Causes:

  • Illness: Systemic diseases, infections, or high fevers can disrupt nail growth.
  • Injury: Trauma to the nail or nail bed can cause Beau’s lines.
  • Medications: Certain medications, particularly chemotherapy, can interfere with nail growth.
  • Other factors: Malnutrition, stress, and certain skin conditions can also be associated with Beau’s lines.
  • Specific conditions: Uncontrolled diabetes, thyroid problems, and Kawasaki disease have been linked to Beau’s lines.
  • Pemphigus
  • Viral infections (eg, hand, foot, and mouth disease)
  • Local cutaneous disease (eg, dermatitis, paronychia)
Beau line

Appearance:

Beau’s lines typically appear as a groove or indentation that runs horizontally across the nail plate.

They start at the base of the nail (proximal nail fold) and grow out as the nail grows.

The width of the line can indicate the duration of the underlying condition.

Treatment:

Beau’s lines themselves are not harmful and will disappear as the nail grows out.

The focus of treatment is to address the underlying cause of the nail growth disruption.

Once the underlying condition is resolved, new, smooth nail growth will resume.

Nails grow slowly, so it can take several months for Beau’s lines to completely grow out.

What forms Pneumoatocoeles in Pneumonia? (My doctor said there is air bubble in my lungs)

How are pneumatoceles formed in Pneumonia?

Table of Contents(toc)

Pneumatocoeles form when the alveoli or lung tissue become inflamed and air-filled cavities develop due to the rupture of alveolar walls in severe pneumonia. This occurs when the inflammation causes a breakdown of the lung parenchyma, leading to trapped air and the formation of these cystic spaces.

Pneumoatoceles in CE CT chest

Characteristic feature of staphylococcal pneumonias.

  • Cavitation (single or multiple thick walled cavities) may be bilateral.
  • Pleural effusion/ Empyema with or without branchopleural fistulas (Pyopneumothorx).
  • Abscess formation.

Bacterial pneumonia are with cavitation:

Here is list of bacteria that form cavitary pneumonia:
  • Staphylococcus
  • Kleibsella
  • Pseudomonas
  • Anaeroic bacteria

Model MCQ

1. Pneumatocoele caused by:

a. E. Coli
b. Staphylococus
c. Streptococcus
d. P. carinii

Ans: ‘b’

Solution

Pneumatocoeles are thin walled cystic spaces that may contain air fluid levels is the characteristic feature of staphylococcal pneumonias.

Dog Bite and Rabies Protocol of Nepal 2025 update

Dog Bite and Rabies Protocol of Nepal 2023

(toc)Table of Contents

Introduction

Welcome to this comprehensive video on health exam questions that you might
face in Loksewa Entrance MBBS/MD/MS and PSC exams in Nepal. This video
provides you with essential tips and strategies to help you prepare
efficiently and excel in these competitive exams.

Immediate First Aid for Dog Bites:

If a dog bite occurs, immediate first aid is vital to minimize the risk of
infection and complications. Follow these steps:
  • Wash the wound gently with soap and water to reduce the risk of
    infection.
  • Apply direct pressure with a clean cloth to control bleeding, if any.
  • Elevate the affected area if possible.
  • Cover the wound with a sterile bandage or clean cloth.
  • Seek medical attention, especially if the wound is deep, large, or shows
    signs of infection.

Medical Assessment and Treatment:

A prompt medical evaluation is essential, even for seemingly minor dog
bites. A healthcare professional will assess the wound’s severity, potential
risk of infection, and the need for
tetanus vaccination
or antibiotics. In some cases, they may recommend rabies prophylaxis,
depending on the dog’s vaccination status and the risk of rabies exposure.

Monitoring for Complications:

Following medical treatment, closely monitor the wound for signs of
infection, such as increased redness, swelling, warmth, or pus formation.
Seek immediate medical attention if any complications arise.
Remember, responsible pet ownership, education, and awareness are key
factors in reducing the incidence of dog bites and fostering a safe
environment for both humans and dogs. By working together, we can promote a
harmonious relationship between people and their furry companions while
minimizing the risk of dog bite injuries.
Thank you for watching.

Please like, share and subscribe for more 
informations. See you.

Video on dog bite:
 Thank you 

{
“@context”: “https://schema.org”,
“@type”: “VideoObject”,
“name”: “You should do this if a dog bites you #dogbite #biology #medic #medicine #rabies #woundhealing”,
“description”: “Immediate First Aid for Dog Bites:
If a dog bite occurs, immediate first aid is vital to minimize the risk of infection and complications. Follow these steps:
Wash the wound gently with soap and water to reduce the risk of infection.
Apply direct pressure with a clean cloth to control bleeding, if any.
Elevate the affected area if possible.
Cover the wound with a sterile bandage or clean cloth.
Seek medical attention, especially if the wound is deep, large, or shows signs of infection.
Medical Assessment and Treatment:
A prompt medical evaluation is essential, even for seemingly minor dog bites. A healthcare professional will assess the wound’s severity, potential risk of infection, and the need for tetanus vaccination or antibiotics. In some cases, they may recommend rabies prophylaxis, depending on the dog’s vaccination status and the risk of rabies exposure.
Monitoring for Complications:
Following medical treatment, closely monitor the wound for signs of infection, such as increased redness, swelling, warmth, or pus formation. Seek immediate medical attention if any complications arise.
Remember, responsible pet ownership, education, and awareness are key factors in reducing the incidence of dog bites and fostering a safe environment for both humans and dogs. By working together, we can promote a harmonious relationship between people and their furry companions while minimizing the risk of dog bite injuries.
Thank you for watching.”,
“thumbnailUrl”: “https://chaitanya.com.np/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Blue20Gradient20Pet20Dog20YouTube20Thumbnail20-1.png”,
“uploadDate”: “2024-12-14T00:00:00Z”,
“duration”: “PT1M32S”,
“contentUrl”: “https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TE8nd5ALams”,
“embedUrl”: “https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TE8nd5ALams”,
“potentialAction”: {
“@type”: “SeekToAction”,
“target”: “https://youtu.be/TE8nd5ALams?t=46={seek_to_second_number}”,
“startOffset-input”: “required name=seek_to_second_number”
}
}

How to manage Dogbite: Handbook of rabies in Nepali 2025

Handbook of rabies in Nepali 2025 रेबिज रोग बारे जानकारी हाते पुस्तिका

Rabies disease handbook protocol Nepal 

Table of Contents (toc)

Introduction

Rabies is a viral illness that leades to neurological complication, muscle spastic paralysis and inevitable death and is transmitted by the mammal bite especially dogs. 
Watch dogbite management video by clicking this image icon:
Click to watch video

Its very common in Nepal and goverment does free postexposure vaccination all over nepal.

रेबिज रोग बारे जानकारी हाते पुस्तिका (download rabies handbook)

कृपया सेयर गरि सबैलाई जानकारी दिनु होला।

Download rabies handbook here

पढ्नुभएकोमा धन्यवाद!

How do I get rid of these HPV warts on my face?

Table of Contents(toc)

What are HPV warts?

Filiform warts are long, narrow, thread-like warts caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), particularly types 1, 2, 4, 27, and 29. They typically appear on the face, neck, eyelids, and lips due to the thin and sensitive skin in these areas. 

These warts are more common in people with weakened immune systems and can spread through direct contact.

Symptoms of HPV warts:

  • Long, finger-like projections
  • Flesh-colored or slightly darker than the surrounding skin
  • Usually painless but can be irritating if located in sensitive areas

Causes & Risk Factors of HPV warts:

  • Direct skin contact with an infected person or contaminated surface
  • Scratching or shaving over an infected area, spreading the virus
  • Weakened immune system

Treatment Options of HPV warts:

Here is list of different treatment options available to treat HPV related warts. In general HPV related wars can go automatically, you should be especially cautious for anogenital warts and warts that are rapidly spreading or forming n new body parts fast enough.
  • Topical Treatments:
    • Salicylic acid
    • Retinoids
    • Imiquimod (immune response modifier)
  • Cryotherapy (Freezing with Liquid Nitrogen):
    • Common treatment performed by dermatologists
  • Electrocautery (Burning the Wart):
    • Uses an electric current to destroy the wart
  • Laser Therapy:
    • Used for stubborn warts that don’t respond to other treatments
  • Surgical Removal:
    • Minor procedure if the wart is persistent or causing discomfort
Wart after treatment (note:some visual enhancing may be used)

How are HPV warts tranmitted?

Warts are transmissible diseases and transmitted by direct or indirect contact with the person with the warts.

Since filiform warts can spread easily, it’s important to avoid touching them, maintain good hygiene, and seek treatment early.
They are also transmitted from one part of body to the another part by direct contact or after scratching, cutting or simple abrasion.
People who play contact sports are at high risk of getting these warts from the person with the infection.
Intimate and sexual patners are also at very high risk of  getting these infections from their part from either sexual or nonsexual direct or indirect contact.
Here is comprehensive list of mode and methods of tresnmission of warts that are on face or any other parts of body that are caused by the HPV. 
Methods of Transmission of HPV-Related Warts:
  1. Direct Skin-to-Skin Contact – Touching an infected area.
  2. Sexual Contact – Vaginal, anal, or oral sex.
  3. Fomites – Shared personal items (e.g., razors, towels).
  4. Autoinoculation – Spreading the virus to other body parts.
  5. Mother-to-Child (Perinatal Transmission) – During childbirth.

Seven S of Steroid Therapy (Mnemonics)

7 S’s of Steroid Precautions


The 7 S’s of Steroid Precautions can be summarized as:

1️⃣ Swollen – Water retention leading to weight gain.

  • 🚨 Report sudden/excessive weight gain (1 lb/day or 2-3 lbs in a few days).

2️⃣ Sepsis – Increased risk of infections.

  • 🚨 Low WBC, fever is a priority concern.

3️⃣ Sugar Increased – Causes hyperglycemia.

  • 🩸 Monitor blood glucose, especially in diabetics.

4️⃣ Skinny – Muscle wasting, osteoporosis, fracture risk.

  • 🦴 Ensure calcium & vitamin D intake.

5️⃣ Sight – Risk of cataracts.

  • 👁️ Regular eye exams recommended.

6️⃣ Slowly Taper – NEVER stop abruptly!

  • ⚠️ Stopping suddenly → adrenal crisis risk.

7️⃣ Stress or Surgery – Increase dose when needed.

  • 🏥 Adjust dosage during illness or surgery.

This mnemonic helps remember essential steroid precautions, especially for exams like NCLEX and clinical practice! 😊

Powered by
►
Necessary cookies enable essential site features like secure log-ins and consent preference adjustments. They do not store personal data.
None
►
Functional cookies support features like content sharing on social media, collecting feedback, and enabling third-party tools.
None
►
Analytical cookies track visitor interactions, providing insights on metrics like visitor count, bounce rate, and traffic sources.
None
►
Advertisement cookies deliver personalized ads based on your previous visits and analyze the effectiveness of ad campaigns.
None
Powered by
Exit mobile version