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CTEVT Past question 2080 (Council for Technical Education and Vocational Training)

Council for Technical Education and Vocational Training Office of the Controller of Examinations 

Subject: Anatomy and Physiology

Time: 3 hrs. 

Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable. 

The figures in the margin indicate full marks. 

Attempt any SEVEN questions. 

Group ‘A’ (Very Short Questions) 17×2=14

1. Define homeostasis. 

2. Define acidosis and alkalosis. 

3. Write short note on cerebrospinal fluid. 

4. What is cardiac cycle? 

5. Define anatomy and physiology. 

6. Write short note on blood typing. 

7. List the organ of digestive system. 

8. Name the parts of female reproductive system. 

9. Differentiate between growth and development. 

Group ‘B’ (Short Questions)

Attempt any SEVEN questions. 

10. Draw a neat and clear diagram of heart. 

11. Explain the mechanism of respiration. 

12. Describe the structure of different layers of skin along with diagram. • 

13. Define muscle. Differentiate between skeletal muscle and smooth muscle. 

14. Write structure of pituitary gland. List the hormone secreted by anterior pituitary gland.

15. Define blood. Write the composition of blood. 

16. Draw a well labelled diagram of alimentary canal. C

I7. Draw a well labelled diagram of male reproductive system. 

18. Describe the chief functions of bone. 

Group ‘C’ (Long Questions)

Attempt any THREE questions. 13×6=18

19. Describe menstrual cycle. 

20. Name sensory receptors. Explain the function of each receptors. 

21. Write in detail about the mechanism of urine formation.

22. Define blood pressure including its normal range. Describe the process involve in regulating blood pressure in human body. 

Good Luck ! 

Medial Officer vacancy in Kathmandu (Government)

Medial Officer vaccancy in Kathmandu (Government)

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See the full pdf below for the vacancy:

Read our other artile for how to apply.

https://drive.google.com/file/d/19dpOpgpPMAeP5z3gHry9VJyGqFSYXFB5/preview

Note: This notice can also be found in psc.gov.np. Refer to their website for detailed notice and updates.

Blood Donation Screening & Criteria for Blood Donation 2023

कुन कुन औषधि खाईरहेका व्यक्तिले रक्तदान गर्न मिल्दैन ?

Blood Donation Screening & Criteria for Blood Donation 2023

Table of Contents (toc) 

Introduction

रगत ट्रान्सफ्युजनको प्राप्तकर्तालाई शून्य जोखिमको वांछित स्तरमा पुग्न र रगत दाताको सुरक्षाको रक्षा गर्न सुरक्षाका धेरै तहहरू आवश्यक हुन्छन्।

सुरक्षालाई अधिकतम बनाउँदै लैजान्छ APPROACHES TO MAXIMIZING SAFETY

प्राप्तकर्ता सुरक्षा

  • • दानका लागि सम्भावित दाताहरूलाई आर्थिक प्रोत्साहनबाट जोगिन।
  • • कैदीहरूको संक्रामक जोखिम बढेको कारण कारागारहरूमा रगत सङ्कलन नगर्ने [५,६]।
  • • दान साइटमा दाताहरूलाई शैक्षिक सामग्रीहरू उपलब्ध गराउने ताकि तिनीहरूले दान गर्नु अघि आत्म-स्थगन गर्न सकून्।
  • • सम्भावित संक्रामक वा अन्य जोखिमहरू पहिचान गर्न चिकित्सा इतिहास प्राप्त गर्ने।
  • • निश्चित चिकित्सा अवस्थाहरू (क्यान्सर) र संक्रामक रोगहरूको जोखिम (एचआईभी, मलेरिया, प्रियोन रोगहरू) को लागि स्थगित मापदण्डहरू स्थापना गर्दै।
  • विभिन्न संक्रामक रोगजनकहरूको लागि रगत परीक्षण।
  • • दाताहरूबाट दानपछिको जानकारी सङ्कलन गर्ने जसले उपयुक्त भएमा दान गरिएको एकाइलाई क्वारेन्टाइन र विनाशमा परिणत गर्नेछ। (तल ‘पोस्ट-दान स्क्रिनिङ’ हेर्नुहोस्।)
  • • सेलुलर रगत घटक (रातो रक्त कोशिका र प्लेटलेट एकाइहरू) को पूर्व भण्डारण ल्यूकोरेडक्शन।
  • • विशिष्ट रक्त अवयवहरूमा इजाजतपत्र प्राप्त रोगजनक न्यूनीकरण प्रविधिहरूको प्रयोग (अस्पताल ट्रान्सफ्युजन सेवाहरू र रगत सङ्कलन गर्ने संस्थाको विवेकमा)।
  • भण्डारण अवस्था, परीक्षण, प्रशासन, र रोगजनक न्यूनीकरण प्रविधिहरूको लागि प्रक्रियाहरू स्थापना गर्दै।
  • दाता सुरक्षा
  • • दान आवृत्ति सीमित गर्दै।
  • • उमेर र वजन योग्यता मापदण्ड स्थापना गर्दै।
  • • निश्चित चिकित्सा अवस्थाहरू (हृदय रोग, फोक्सोको रोग, गर्भावस्था, भर्खरको शल्यक्रिया) भएका दाताहरू बाहेक।
  • • दान गर्नुअघि महत्त्वपूर्ण संकेतहरू र हेमोग्लोबिन स्तर परीक्षण।
  • •दान गर्दा निगरानी।
  • हाइपोभोलेमियाबाट बच्न दान गर्नु अघि र पछि तरल पदार्थ उपलब्ध गराउने।
  • • दाता वा उत्पादनको संक्रामक रोग परीक्षणले स्वास्थ्य जोखिम (जस्तै, सकारात्मक भाइरल परीक्षण) देखाउँछ भने उपयुक्त फलोअप प्रदान गर्ने।
दाताले लिएका औषधिहरू – दाताहरूले लिएका धेरैजसो औषधीहरूले प्रापकहरूलाई कुनै ज्ञात जोखिमहरू निम्त्याउँदैनन्। धेरैजसो अवस्थामा, रगतको एकाइमा थोरै मात्रामा मात्रै औषधिहरू हुन्छन् र औषधिहरूले प्रापकको प्लाज्मा मात्रामा महत्त्वपूर्ण कमजोरी भोग्नेछन्। यद्यपि, केही औषधिहरू लिने दाताहरूलाई स्थगित गरिन्छ, या त औषधि बन्द गरेपछि वा अनिश्चित कालको लागि।
सम्भावित संक्रामक जोखिम संकेत गर्ने औषधिहरू माथि छलफल गरिएका छन्।

‘Recent vaccination, antibiotic or antiviral medications, or biologic product’ 

Vaccination and blood donation relationship

Potential teratogens — Some drugs may pose a risk to transfusion recipients who may become pregnant, due to their demonstrated teratogenic potential at low concentrations. Information from the AABB specifies the following deferral intervals following discontinuation of the medication
  • Acitretin (Soriatane), used for psoriasis – 36 months
  • ●Dutasteride (Avodart, Jalyn), used for benign prostatic hypertrophy – 6 months
  • ●Etretinate (Tegison), used for psoriasis – indefinite
  • ●Finasteride (Propecia, Proscar), used for benign prostatic hypertrophy and hair regeneration – 1 month
  • ●Isotretinoin (Accutane, Amnesteem, Absorica, Claravis, Myorisan, Sotret, Zenatane), used for acne – 1 month
  • ●Leflunomide (Arava), used for rheumatoid arthritis – 24 months
  • ●Mycophenolate mofetil (CellCept), used for immunosuppression – 6 weeks
  • ●Sonidegib (Odomzo), used for basal cell carcinoma – 24 months
  • ●Teriflunomide (Aubagio), used for multiple sclerosis – 24 months
  • ●Thalidomide (Thalomid), used for multiple myeloma – 1 month
  • ●Upadacitinib (Rinvoq), used for rheumatoid arthritis – 1 month
  • ●Vismodegib (Erivedge), used for basal cell carcinoma – 24 months
The donor history is the only means of identifying these exposures; there is no routine testing for the presence of these medications.

Antiplatelet drugs and anticoagulants relation with blood donation

Information from the AABB specifies deferring donors for platelet apheresis donation if any of the following antiplatelet medications were taken within the following timeframes [112]:
  • ●Aspirin, aspirin-containing drugs, or piroxicam – Previous 2 days
  • ●Prasugrel – Previous 3 days
  • ●Ticagrelor – Previous 7 days
  • ●Clopidogrel or ticlopidine (not available in the United States) – Previous 14 days
  • ●Vorapaxar – Previous month
यो दान प्रतिबन्ध प्लेटलेट एफेरेसिस दाताहरूको लागि विशिष्ट छ र सम्पूर्ण रक्त दाताहरूमा लागू हुँदैन, जबसम्म सम्पूर्ण रगतको त्यो एकाइबाट बनेको प्लेटलेटहरू दिइएको बिरामीको लागि प्लेटलेटहरूको एकमात्र स्रोत हुनेछ। यो केवल नवजात र युवा बाल चिकित्सा प्राप्तकर्ताहरूको लागि तोकिएको सम्पूर्ण रगत व्युत्पन्न प्लेटलेट ट्रान्सफ्युजनहरूमा लागू हुनेछ।
दाता इतिहास यी एक्सपोजरहरू पहिचान गर्ने एकमात्र माध्यम हो; प्लेटलेट प्रकार्यको नियमित गुणस्तर नियन्त्रण परीक्षण वा प्लेटलेट एफेरेसिस उत्पादनहरूको लागि क्लटिंग परीक्षणहरू छैनन्। यो भिभो प्लेटलेट प्रकार्यमा सही भविष्यवाणी गर्न इन भिट्रो प्लेटलेट प्रकार्य परीक्षणको असक्षमताको कारण हो।
एन्टिकोआगुलेन्ट लिने व्यक्तिहरूको लागि स्थगित अवधि दुई कारकहरूमा आधारित हुन्छ: दातालाई भेनिपंक्चर साइटमा अत्यधिक रक्तस्राव हुन सक्छ भन्ने चिन्ता र दान गरिएको प्लाज्माको क्लटिंग गुणहरूमा एन्टिकोगुलेन्टको सम्भावित प्रभाव। एन्टिकोआगुलेन्टहरू लिने दाताहरूलाई प्लेटलेट एफेरेसिस दानबाट समान रूपमा स्थगित गरिन्छ। यद्यपि, केही रगत केन्द्रहरूले त्यस्ता दाताहरूबाट सम्पूर्ण रगत सङ्कलन गर्न छनौट गर्न सक्छन् यदि उनीहरूले फ्लेबोटोमी साइटमा रक्तस्रावको जोखिमलाई न्यूनतम मान्छन् र यदि तिनीहरूसँग त्यस्तो सङ्कलनबाट प्लाज्मा निकालिएको हो भनेर सुनिश्चित गर्ने विधि छ भने (जसले कोगुलेसन गुणहरू बिग्रन्छ। ट्रान्सफ्युजनको लागि प्रयोग गरिदैन।

विभिन्न विभिन्न anticoagulant औषधिहरूको लागि समय सीमाहरू निम्नानुसार छन्

  • ●Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs; apixaban, dabigatran, edoxaban, rivaroxaban), fondaparinux, and the low molecular weight (LMW) heparins dalteparin and enoxaparin – Previous two days.
  • ●Warfarin and LMW heparins other than dalteparin and enoxaparin – Previous seven days.
The minimal age for donation is legally established by individual states in the United States and is either 16 or 17 years; donors who are legally minors need written consent of a parent or guardian. Most blood centers do not have an upper age limit for donation; this policy is based on studies documenting that individuals over the age of 65 who met all other donation criteria had no greater frequency of severe or life-threatening reactions and had lower rates of post-transfusion reactions than younger donors 

Nepali date Converter Online: The Ultimate Guide to Nepali Date Converter, Convert BS to AD and AD to BS Effortlessly

If you’ve ever had to fill out an official document in Nepal—or apply for a visa abroad—you’ve likely hit that sudden speed bump: “Enter your Date of Birth in AD.”

For anyone raised with the Bikram Sambat (BS) calendar, converting your birthdate, legal paperwork, or school certificates into the Gregorian (AD) system isn’t always straightforward. You can’t just subtract 57 years and call it a day!

Whether you need a quick BS to AD converter for your passport application or an AD to BS converter for Lok Sewa forms, this guide breaks down how date conversion works, why the two calendars differ, and how to get accurate results every time.

Why Is Converting Nepali Dates So Tricky?

At first glance, converting between the Nepali calendar (Bikram Sambat) and the English calendar (Gregorian) seems like basic math. In reality, it’s a bit more dynamic:

  1. The Year Offset: Bikram Sambat runs roughly 56 to 57 years ahead of the Gregorian calendar.
  2. Variable Month Lengths:Unlike the Western calendar where months (mostly) alternate between 30 and 31 days, Nepali month lengths change every year.A single month like Baisakh or Shrawan can have anywhere from 29 to 32 days depending on astronomical calculations.
  3. The New Year Shift:The Nepali New Year (Baisakh 1) doesn’t start on January 1st—it lands in mid-April (usually April 13 or 14).

Because of these shifting days, an automated Nepali Date Converter (मिति परिवर्तन) tool relies on precise lookup tables rather than a simple mathematical formula.

BS vs. AD: Quick Calendar Comparison

Here is how Nepal’s official national calendar compares to the international Gregorian calendar:

FeatureBikram Sambat (BS)Gregorian Calendar (AD)
Official StatusPrimary national calendar of NepalGlobally accepted standard
System TypeSolar / Solar-Lunisolar hybridPure Solar calendar
Year StartMid-April (Baisakh 1)January 1st
Days in a MonthShifts dynamically (29 to 32 days)Fixed (28 to 31 days)
Current GapAhead by ~56.7 yearsStandard baseline year

Common Uses for a Nepali Date Converter

Having an accurate BS ↔ AD conversion tool saves time and prevents costly errors across several key areas:

  • Passport & Visa Applications: Overseas institutions and immigration departments (such as for US Study Visas, Australia, or the EDV Lottery) strictly require your date of birth in the Gregorian (AD) format.
  • Government & Legal Forms:Filling out forms for citizenship (Nagarikta), driving licenses, PAN cards, or Lok Sewa Aayog exams often requires entering dates in both BS and AD.
  • Academic & Workplace Records: Aligning transcripts from Tribhuvan University or NEB with international university requirements.
  • Cultural Events & Festivals: Tracking upcoming festival dates like Dashain, Tihar, Lhosar, or Teej on international digital calendars.

Pro Tip: When converting a birthdate for official paperwork, always verify whether your birth month falls before or after Baisakh 1. If you were born between January 1 and mid-April, your AD birth year will be 57 years behind your BS year.If born after mid-April, it will be 56 years behind.

How to Convert Dates: A Practical Example

1. Converting BS to AD (Nepali to English)

To translate a Bikram Sambat date into English:

  1. Identify your exact BS Year, Month, and Day (e.g., 2058 Bhadra 21).
  2. Input the details into a trusted online Nepali date converter.
  3. The converter maps the exact astronomical day count and outputs the corresponding Gregorian date (e.g., September 6, 2001).

2. Converting AD to BS (English to Nepali)

To convert a Gregorian date back to Bikram Sambat:

  1. Select the AD Year, Month, and Day (e.g., August 12, 2026).
  2. The tool computes the day offset from the reference base year.
  3. It displays your Nepali date in both English text and Devanagari Unicode (e.g., २७ श्रावण २०८३ / Shrawan 27, 2083).

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is today’s Nepali date (Aaja ko Miti)?

Nepali date converters update daily to show Today’s Date (आजको मिति) in both BS and AD, along with the corresponding day of the week and Tithi.

Why can’t I just use a simple subtraction formula?

Because Bikram Sambat months do not have fixed day lengths every year.One year Ashadh might have 31 days, and the next year it might have 32. A fixed formula will often cause your date to be off by 1 to 2 days.

Is Bikram Sambat used outside of Nepal?

While variants of the Vikram Samvat calendar exist in parts of India, Nepal is the only country that uses Bikram Sambat as its official national calendar system.

Wrap Up

Whether you are preparing documents for higher education, verifying legal records, or just checking today’s Nepali date, an accurate Nepali Date Converter is an essential tool. Bookmark a reliable converter so you never have to second-guess your date conversions again!

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