Hemorroids and hydrocele: treatment and complications ppt 2024
Table of Contents(toc)
Introduction
Hemorrhoids are collection of the swollen vein, which are part of arteriovenous connection through the GI system, in Anal region are called Hemorrhoids.
They present the symptoms like pain, bleeding, itching, discharge, constipation, soiling of garments etc.
Introduction to hydrocele
hydrocele image
Hydrocele is collection of Fluid (peritoneal) in the scrotum especially between the visceral and peritoneal layer of Tunica vaginalis.
राष्ट्रिय चिकित्सा शिक्षा ऐन २०७५ले व्यवस्था गरे बमोजिम, चिकित्सा शिक्षाको क्षेत्रमा राज्यको लगानी अभिवृद्धि गर्दै, चिकित्सा शिक्षालाई नेपालको राष्ट्रिय आवश्यकता अनुरुप विकास गरी, चिकित्सा शिक्षाको नियमनलाई एकीकृत तथा चुस्त बनाउन, चिकित्सा शिक्षा सम्बन्धी शिक्षण संस्थाको स्थापना र सन्चालन सम्बन्धी कार्यलाई व्यवस्थित गर्न तथा चिकित्सा शिक्षामा गुणस्तर, पेशाधर्मिता, संस्थागत जवाफदेही, भौगोलिक सन्तुलन र सामाजिक न्याय कायम गरी, विपन्न लगायत सबै विध्यार्थीहरुको समान पहुँच सुनिश्चित गर्नकालागि, चिकित्सा शिक्षा सुधार गर्ने सम्बन्धमा विभिन्न समयमा गठित आयोग, समिति तथा कार्यदलको प्रतिवेदनको मर्म र भावना समेतलाई दृस्टीगत गरी, चिकित्सा शिक्षा आयोगको स्थापना र संचालन भएको हो। ऐनले चिकित्सा शिक्षालाई यसरी परिभाषित गरेको छ – “चिकित्सा शिक्षा” भन्नाले स्वास्थ्य पेशा सम्बन्धी सबै विधा र तहका शिक्षा (हेल्थ प्रोफेसनल एजुकेसन) सम्झनु पर्छ।
What is CEE for bachelor level?
CEE, in the context of medical undergraduate entrance exams, refers to the Common Entrance Examination used for admissions to programs such as MBBS, BDS, and nursing. This exam assesses candidates’ knowledge and aptitude in subjects like Biology, Chemistry, and Physics, which are crucial for medical and health-related fields.
It is designed to evaluate the understanding of fundamental concepts, problem-solving skills, and critical thinking abilities necessary for success in medical education. The results of the CEE are used by medical and nursing colleges to select students for their programs, ensuring that admitted candidates are well-prepared for the rigorous study and training required in these professions.
MCQ for medical students and nhpc license examination preparation set: 4
Table of Contents(toc)
Introduction
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MCQ for PCL level google forms quiz mode
Cancer & Lung Disease
Most common type of cancer worldwide leading to death is:
Lung
Breast
Thyroid
Prostate
Most common preventable cause related to lung cancer:
Alcohol consumption
Pollution
Cigarette smoking
Red meat consumption
Most common variety of bronchial carcinoma:
Adenocarcinoma (30%)
Small cell (20%)
Squamous cell (35%)
Large cell (15%)
Hoarseness of voice in carcinoma of lung is due to compression of which nerve?
Vagus nerve
Recurrent laryngeal nerve (left)
Glossopharyngeal nerve
Hypoglossal nerve
A patient with a 3-month history of cough, chest pain, and hemoptysis presents with shortness of breath. X-ray shows a large left-sided effusion, and the fluid appears hemorrhagic. What is the most probable diagnosis?
Pleural TB
Pulmonary tuberculosis
Carcinoma of lung
Heart failure
Renal Diseases & Urinary System
Nephrotic range proteinuria is defined as:
1 mg in 24 hr
1 g in 24 hr
3 mg in 24 hr
3 g in 24 hr
Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis occurs how long after a streptococcal throat infection?
1-2 weeks
2-4 weeks
6-10 weeks
After 3 months
Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis occurs how long after a streptococcal skin infection?
1-2 weeks
2-4 weeks
6-10 weeks
After 3 months
Which group of Streptococcus is mainly responsible for PSGN?
Which feature differentiates nephrotic syndrome from nephritic syndrome?
Proteinuria
Edema
Hypertension
Deranged renal function
Which class of antihypertensive is antiproteinuric and hence useful in nephritic syndrome?
Calcium channel blockers
Beta-blockers
ACE inhibitors
Diuretics
Most common cause of nephrotic syndrome is:
Minimal change disease (90%)
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
Membranous nephropathy
Which of the following is NOT a classical feature of nephrotic syndrome?
Heavy proteinuria
Hypoalbuminemia
Hypolipidemia
Lipiduria
Edema in nephrotic syndrome is due to:
Increased hydrostatic pressure
Decreased oncotic pressure in blood
Increased oncotic pressure in interstitial side
Inflammation of soft tissue
Urinary System & UTI
Average length of female urethra is:
3 cm
4 cm
5 cm
6 cm
Why is the incidence of UTI higher in females?
They are more immune-compromised
Short urethra
Presence of variety of bacteria in vulva
Lack of hygiene
Most common pathogen group causing UTI:
Fungus
Protozoans
Gram-positive bacteria
Gram-negative bacteria
Most common cause of UTI:
E. coli
Klebsiella spp
Proteus spp
Pseudomonas spp
Renal angle tenderness is positive in:
Nephritic syndrome
Pyelonephritis
Ureteric calculus
Bladder outlet obstruction
Antibiotics for UTI should be given for:
15-20 days
3-5 days
8-10 days
7-14 days
Most common composition of renal calculus:
Oxalate
Uric acid
Cystine
Triple phosphate
Staghorn calculus is:
Chemical composition of calculus
Calculus with spikes
A big calculus
Large calculus taking the shape of renal pelvis
The calculus that can be seen on X-ray (radio-opaque) is:
Oxalate
Cystine
Xanthene
Uric acid
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) & Dialysis
Acute kidney injury is diagnosed if:
Serum creatinine increases ≥ 0.3 mg/dL from previous value
Serum creatinine increases ≥ 50% from baseline
Urine output <0.5 ml/kg/hr for >6 hrs
All of the above
RIFLE criteria is related to:
Acute kidney injury
Congestive heart failure
Stroke
Deep venous thrombosis
Which drugs are nephrotoxic?
NSAIDs
Aminoglycosides
Radio-opaque IV contrast
All of the above
Diabetes & Metabolism
Which of the following is NOT a function of insulin?
Increases glucose uptake in muscles
Increases lipolysis
Increases glycogenesis
Increases lipogenesis
Which of the following is NOT a classical symptom of diabetes mellitus?
Polyuria
Polydipsia
Polyphagia
Polymorphism
Class II obesity is defined as BMI:
25-30
30-40
30-34.9
35-39.9
Common insulin injection sites include all EXCEPT:
Periumbilical area
Lateral thighs
Upper outer arm
Flank area
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is more common in:
Gestational DM
Type 1 DM
Type 2 DM
Same in all
Normal fasting blood sugar level is:
<70 mg/dL
<100 mg/dL
<110 mg/dL
<126 mg/dL
Diagnosis of diabetes mellitus is made if:
HbA1c ≥ 6.5%
FBS ≥ 126 mg/dL
2-hour postprandial glucose ≥ 200 mg/dL
RBS ≥ 200 mg/dL with symptoms of hyperglycemia
All of the above
Which is the first-line pharmacological treatment for Type 2 Diabetes?
Metformin
Glimepiride
Acarbose
Insulin
Common side effect of metformin:
GI upset
Headache
Hypotension
Arrhythmia
Diabetes & Its Complications
Maximum daily dose of metformin is:
1000 mg
1500 mg
2000 mg
2500 mg
Which of the following is NOT true about metformin?
It is safe in pregnancy
Dose adjustment is needed in case of renal impairment
It causes hypoglycemia
Diarrhea and nausea are common symptoms
Which is an acute complication of diabetes mellitus?
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
Diabetic nephropathy
Diabetic retinopathy
Diabetic neuropathy
Which of the following is NOT a macrovascular complication of diabetes?
Coronary artery disease
Peripheral artery disease
Cerebrovascular disease
Diabetic retinopathy
Normal 2-hour postprandial (PP) blood glucose after ingestion of 75 g of glucose is (mg/dL)?
<126
<140
<180
<200
Impaired glucose tolerance is diagnosed when HbA1c is (%):
4.5 – 5.5
5.7 – 6.4
6.5 – 7.0
6.0 – 8.0
Target 2-hour postprandial (PP) blood sugar in type 2 DM patients under treatment should be:
<120 mg/dL
<140 mg/dL
<180 mg/dL
<200 mg/dL
Recommended level of exercise for a diabetic patient is:
30 minutes twice daily
60 minutes every day
30 minutes, 6 days a week
4-5 hours once weekly
In the plate model for a diabetic diet, what portion of the plate should be covered by green vegetables and fruits?
One-third
Half
Two-thirds
Three-fourths
What percentage of total calorie intake should come from carbohydrates in a diabetic patient’s diet?
<30%
<50%
40-60%
60-80%
Eye examination should be done in diabetic patients every:
3 months
6 months
Every 5 years
Annually
Target blood pressure for diabetic patients is:
<110/70 mmHg
<120/70 mmHg
<130/80 mmHg
<140/90 mmHg
Endocrinology & Insulin Therapy
Route of administration of insulin is:
Intravenous (IV)
Subcutaneous (SC)
Intramuscular (IM)
Both a and b
Common age of onset of Type 1 Diabetes is:
10-25 years
25-40 years
40 years
<10 years
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is characterized by:
Hyperglycemia
Metabolic acidosis
Ketosis
All of the above
Which of the following is NOT a common insulin injection site?
Periumbilical area
Lateral thighs
Upper outer arm
Flank area
Which of the following is NOT a function of insulin?
Increase glucose uptake in muscles
Increase lipolysis
Increase glycogenesis
Increase lipogenesis
Which of the following is NOT a classical symptom of Diabetes mellitus?
Polyuria
Polydipsia
Polyphagia
Polymorphism
Dialysis & Kidney Failure
Which of the following is NOT an indication for dialysis?
Persistent hyperkalemia
Dysnatremia
Severe metabolic acidosis
Pulmonary edema
Uremic encephalopathy
Peritoneal dialysis is superior to hemodialysis in:
Easy to perform
No expensive equipment needed
Easy to perform even in neonates
Less expensive
All of the above
Which of the following is NOT a cause of prerenal acute kidney injury (AKI)?
Hypovolemia
Congestive cardiac failure (CCF)
Diuretics
Bladder calculus
RIFLE criteria is used for assessing:
Acute kidney injury
Congestive heart failure
Stroke
Deep venous thrombosis
Which of the following drugs are nephrotoxic?
NSAIDs
Aminoglycosides
Radio-opaque IV contrast
All of the above
Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome
Class II obesity is defined as BMI:
25-30
30-40
30-34.9
35-39.9
Which of the following is the first-line pharmacological management of Type 2 Diabetes?
Metformin
Glimepiride
Acarbose
Insulin
Common side effect of metformin is:
Gastrointestinal (GI) upset
Headache
Hypotension
Arrhythmia
Which of the following is NOT a macrovascular complication of diabetes?
Coronary artery disease
Peripheral artery disease
Cerebrovascular disease
Diabetic retinopathy
In this page you Can see Micas based On latest syllabus provided by NHPC Nepal
for CMA and Physician assistant (Health assistant HA ). Please take your time
reading it.
Medecins du Monde Nepal: Enhancing Healthcare Access for Vulnerable Populations médecins du monde
Table of Contents(toc)
Before you begin
Discover the impactful work of Medecins du Monde Nepal, a non-governmental organization dedicated to providing healthcare services and support to marginalized communities.
Learn how their interventions address pressing health issues and contribute to building a healthier Nepal.
Introduction Medecins du Monde Nepal (médecins du monde):
Médecins du Monde (MdM) is a global humanitarian organization dedicated to delivering medical care to the most vulnerable populations, both internationally and within France. Its core mission is to mobilize doctors, healthcare professionals, and experts from various fields to provide vital support and expertise for its projects. MdM aims to foster collaborative partnerships with the communities it serves, promoting a close working relationship to ensure effective and compassionate healthcare delivery.
In a country like Nepal, where access to quality healthcare is a challenge, organizations like Medecins du Monde Nepal play a vital role in improving the lives of vulnerable communities. By providing essential medical services and support, they are actively contributing to the development of a healthier and more equitable nation.
The website for Médecins du Monde (MdM), an international humanitarian organization, is:
Functions of Medecins du Monde Nepal (médecins du monde):
Addressing Critical Health Challenges in Nepal by Medecins du Monde Nepal:
Medecins du Monde Nepal focuses on addressing pressing health challenges that plague the nation. From tackling infectious diseases like malaria and tuberculosis to combating malnutrition and maternal health issues, their interventions aim to alleviate the burden on communities in need.
Holistic Healthcare Interventions by Medecins du Monde Nepal:
The organization takes a comprehensive approach to healthcare, providing a range of services that include primary healthcare, emergency medical assistance, and mental health support. They operate clinics, mobile medical units, and outreach programs to reach marginalized populations in remote areas.
Medecins du Monde Nepal
Promoting Health Education and Awareness by médecins du monde:
Recognizing the importance of preventive healthcare, Medecins du Monde Nepal emphasizes health education and awareness programs. By conducting workshops, training sessions, and awareness campaigns, they empower individuals and communities with the knowledge to prevent diseases and maintain good health.
Strengthening Community Engagement in Healthcare:
Medecins du Monde Nepal strongly believes in community participation and involvement. They work closely with local communities, establishing partnerships and involving them in decision-making processes. This approach ensures that interventions are culturally appropriate, sustainable, and address the specific needs of the communities they serve.
Sustainable Impact: Medecins du Monde Nepal’s Success Stories:
Through their efforts, Medecins du Monde Nepal has achieved significant impact and transformed the lives of countless individuals. By sharing inspiring success stories of patients who have benefited from their services, the organization highlights the power of healthcare interventions in creating lasting change.
Medecins du monde job : médecins du monde
Working with this company can be gamechanging opportunity for you. For details you can check their website:
Conclusion on Medecins du Monde Nepal:
Medecins du Monde Nepal’s unwavering commitment to providing healthcare services and support to marginalized communities is commendable. Their holistic approach, community engagement strategies, and focus on preventive healthcare make them a vital ally in Nepal’s journey towards a healthier and more inclusive society. By supporting Medecins du Monde Nepal, we contribute to the well-being and empowerment of the most vulnerable populations.
Pradesh 1 Loksewa Notice 2081 is out ( Province 1 loksewa )
Pradesh 1 loksewa aayog
Pradesh 1 loksewa aayog province 1 loksewa Introduction
नेपालको संविधानको धारा २४४ मा रहेको प्रदेश लोक सेवा आयोग सम्बन्धि व्यवस्था अनुसार प्रदेश निजामती सेवा, प्रदेश प्रहरी सेवा, प्रदेश संगठित संस्था, प्रदेशको अन्य सरकारी सेवा, स्थानीय सरकारी सेवा र स्थानीय तहको संगठित संस्थाको पदमा उपयुक्त उम्मेदवार छनौटमा स्वच्छता, निष्पक्षता र योग्यता प्रणालीलाई व्यवस्थित गरी प्रदेश एवम् स्थानीय तहको सार्वजनिक प्रशासनलाई सक्षम, सुदृढ, प्रतिस्पर्धात्मक, उत्तरदायी, सेवामुखी र समावेशितालाई समेत मध्यनजर गर्दै योग्यता प्रणालीलाई अवलम्वन गर्ने उद्देश्यका साथ प्रदेश लोक सेवा आयोगको गठन भएको हो। (Source: https://psc.p1.gov.np/about/background)
Province 1 loksewa aayog website province 1 loksewa
Province 1 loksewa website is still not named after its New name “koshi pradesh”
In clocusion, province 1 loksewa has advertised vaccancy which you can apply through their website and you can take preparation class through us. Thank you for reading.
