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Treatment of Diabetes (Sugar)
How to do best Treatment of Diabetes (Sugar)
What is diabetes?
There are three main types of diabetes:
Type 1 Diabetes: T
Type 2 Diabetes:
Gestational Diabetes:
Treatment of Diabetes Options
- Exercise
- Diet
- Medicines
- Insulin
- Oral medicines Continue reading Treatment of Diabetes (Sugar)
Diabetic Diet: Cutting Carbs in Diabetic Diet?
Nutrition in diabetes: Diabetic Diet and Carbs?
Introduction to Diabetes
| Green Salad |
Balanced diabetic diet: Low in sugar, rich in fiber. Prioritize veggies, lean proteins. Control portions for stable blood sugar. Stay healthy
Carbohydrate
- (40-60% of total energy intake)
- Glycemic index (GI) of a carbohydrate-containing food measure of the change in blood glucose following its ingestion
- Consumption of foods with a low GI Produce a slow, gradual rise in blood glucose
- basmati rice, spaghetti
- porridge, noodles
- granary bread, beans & lentils
Fat
- <35% of the total energy intake
- Minimal trans fat consumption
Protein
- 10-15% (do not exceed 1 g/kg body weight)
- High protein diet deteriotes renal function
- Low-calorie and sugar-free drinks are useful for patients with diabetes
- Sucrose-containing foods may be consumed with adjustments in insulin dose
Please contact us for more on diaetes.
Role of exercise on diabetes is described here.
10 Diabetes MCQs for competitive exams
10 Diabetes MCQs for competitive exams
(Source:nursing.com)
- The doctor is educating a patient with type II diabetes about medications that can be taken to control blood sugar levels. Which of the following medications is best to use as an example?
- Meperidine
- Metformin
- Methylprednisone
- Mannitol
- A 31-year-old patient with type 1 diabetes uses about 25 units of Humalog insulin in a typical day. Using the 500 Rule, the approximate insulin-to-carbohydrate ratio for this patient would be:
- 1:20
- 1:25
- 1:10
- 1:15
- The doctor is providing education to a client who is newly diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. Which of the following should the doctor emphasize on ? Select all that may apply.
- Cut toenails with rounded corners
- Don’t walk barefoot
- Wear proper fitting shoes
- Inspect feet daily
- Use a heating pad to keep feet warm
- A nurse is working with a patient who has been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes and who demonstrates poor blood glucose control. The nurse is providing information to the client about how best to prevent foot and lower the leg ulcers. Which information should the nurse include as part of the teaching? Select all that may apply.
- Elevate the legs at night while sleeping
- Apply compression stockings as ordered
- Restrict fluids during the day
- Administer prophylactic antibiotics
- Remain in bed with the head of the bed elevated
- A nurse is taking care for a patient who has diabetes mellitus and has developed hypoglycemia. Which vital signs would be most consistent with this condition?
- Low oxygen saturation
- Hypotension
- Tachycardia
- Hyperthermia
- Which of the following are the complications of diabetes mellitus? Select all that may apply.
- Insulin reaction
- Diabetic retinopathy
- Fibromyalgia
- Coronary artery disease
- Cerebrovascular disease
- A client has been newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Educating the patient information about signs or symptoms to monitor for acute uncontrolled blood glucose levels will include the following:
- Inability to concentrate
- Blurred vision
- Numbness in the feet
- Diaphoresis
- Confusion
- A diabetic client is hospitalized after developing problems with swallowing process. The client is unable to take anything orally and the doctor has ordered for placement of a nasogastric tube for feedings. The nurse notes that the client takes metformin for control of type 2 diabetes. Which intervention of the nurse would be correct in this situation?
- Contact the pharmacy to ask if there is another form of metformin to give through the tube
- Crush the metformin and administer it through the feeding tube
- Give the metformin floated in applesauce by mouth
- Hold the metformin until the provider makes rounds and ask for an insulin order
- A nurse is caring for a client with type 2 diabetes who has been prescribed an incretin mimetic drug for blood glucose control. Which drug is an example of an incretin mimetic class?
- Chlorpropamide (Diabinese)
- Metformin (Glucophage)
- Rosiglitazone (Avandia)
- Exenatide (Byetta)
- A nurse works in a busy healthcare unit of the hospital which includes care of clients with so many different types of chronic illnesses including diabetes. Which of the following actions should the nurse try to implement to help prevent the spread of infection among clients who have diabetes mellitus?
- Maintain tight control of client blood glucose levels
- Avoid touching items in the client rooms
- Set aside syringes that are only used for diabetic clients
- Cover all food trays with cling wrap before passing out meals
How to Applyy for : PCL nursing entrance exam 2081
PCL nursing entrance exam 2081: How to Apply for License- A step by step Guide
Introduction
CTEVT PCL exam postponed notice
CTEVT Entrance 2080 PCL Nursing Diploma And Pre-Diploma Exam Date, Application Form
Steps to apply for PCL Nursing Diploma And Pre Diploma Level Exam (Scholarship) on ctevtexam.org.np?
Creating account
- Visit the official website of CTEVT at ctevtexam.org.np.
- Click on the “Scholarship Entrance Online Form 2080” option.
- Choose the level you wish to study, whether Diploma or Pre-Diploma and click on “New User.”
- Enter the candidate’s name, surname, and mobile number, then click on “Proceed.”
- Select “Pay Now” to submit the required fee and choose the company from which you prefer to make the payment. Then click on “Proceed.”
After Verification of Form
- After the verification of the fee deposit, create a password for your account.
- Once the password is created, the Classified Scholarship Online Application Form will appear. Fill in all the necessary details as mentioned in the Online Application Form.
- Ensure that you have scanned and uploaded the required documents in JPG format.
- Review all the entered information to ensure accuracy and completeness.
- Finally, click on the “Submit” button to complete the online application process.
Top 5 Multiple-choice questions (MCQs) on obstetrics You Must Know Now
Table of Contents
Here are 5 multiple-choice questions (MCQs) on obstetrics for midwives and nursing students.
1. Which hormone is primarily responsible for the initiation of uterine contractions during labor?
A) Estrogen
B) Progesterone
C) Oxytocin
D) Prolactin
2. What is the normal duration of a full-term pregnancy?
A) 36 weeks
B) 38 weeks
C) 40 weeks
D) 42 weeks
3. Which presentation refers to a baby positioned with the buttocks or feet entering the birth canal first?
A) Vertex presentation
B) Breech presentation
C) Face presentation
D) Transverse presentation
4. Which stage of labor involves the actual birth of the baby and typically lasts from the time of complete cervical dilation to birth?
A) First stage
B) Second stage
C) Third stage
D) Fourth stage
5. What is the purpose of the Apgar score assessment conducted immediately after birth?
A) To determine the baby’s weight
B) To assess the mother’s condition after delivery
C) To evaluate the baby’s physical condition and overall well-being
D) To calculate the duration of labor
Answer-Top 5 MCQs on Obstetrics
Answer-Top 5 MCQs on Obstetrics You Must Know Today
Here are the answers along with explanations and additional points for each question:
Questions on Obstetrics are here in this link.
Table of Contents (toc)
1. Answer:
C) Oxytocin
Explanation:
- Oxytocin is the hormone responsible for stimulating uterine contractions during labor.
- Produced by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary gland, oxytocin plays a crucial role in initiating and regulating the rhythmic contractions of the uterus.
- These contractions are essential for the progression of labor and the eventual birth of the baby.
- Oxytocin also plays a significant role in promoting bonding between the mother and her baby, as it is released during breastfeeding and skin-to-skin contact.
Congenital Heart Diseases
Congenital Heart Disease: A brief summary
Introduction
- Congenital heart disease is the structural malformation of the heart, or great vessels, present at birth.
- Major cause of death in the first year of life.
- Common type of heart anomalies are ventricular septal defect, pulmonary valve atresia/stenosis, tricuspid atresia, artrial septal defects, transposition of great artery, tetralogy of fallot etc.
Concept
- Incidence in children 6-8/1000 live birth
- About 2/3 of these manifests in neonatal period.
- Manifested in newborn period are severe.
- 1/3 dies in neonatal period, especially during the first week of life.
General scenario
- CHD is the most frequently occurring congenital disorder, responsible for 28% of all congenital birth defects.
- The birth prevalence of CHD is reported to be 8-12/1000 live birth.
- Children with CHD are also more likely to have extra-cardiac defects such as tracheoesophageal fistula, renal agenesis and diaphragmatic hernia.
Etiology of CHD
- 85 to 90 % of cases, unknown
- Heredity and consanguineous marriage most important etiology
Maternal Factors:
- Anti-seizure medications Eg:- benzodiazepines and lithium
- Drug abuse:- cocaine. Alcohol, thalidamide
- Maternal phenylketonuria
- uncontrolled IDDM: high levels of the hormone insulin
- rubella – 1st trimester of pregnancy/ first 8 to 10 weeks of pregnancy
- Exposure to radiation during first trimester
- Chromosome diorder:
5 to 8 % of all babies with CHD have a chromosomal abnormality
- Down syndrome,
- Trisomy 18(Edwards syndrome)
- Trisomy 13(Patau syndrome)
- Turner’s syndrome
- Cri-du-chat syndrome (a piece of chromsome 5 is missing which is characterized by intellectual disability and delayed development, small head, low birth weight and weak muscle tone in infant
Fetal Factors:-
- Birth asphyxia (Reduced myocontractility), fetal hypoxia
Fetal circulation: Before birth
- Blood flows from the placenta
- IVC
- RA
- Through the FO
- LA
- LV
- Ascending aorta
- Head & upper extremities
- Returns via the SVC
Types if Congenital Heart diseases
Acynotic
- Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
- Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)
- Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)
- Coarction of aorta
- Aortic stenosis
- Pulmonic stenosis
Cynotic
Decrease pulmonry blood flow
- Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)
- Tricuspid Atresia
Mixed
- Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA)
- Truncus Arteriosus (TA)
Congenital Heart Defects
• Acyanotic
- • Pink Baby (L à R shunt)
- • cause CHF and pulmonary hypertension.
- • S/S:- RV enlargement, RV failure, respiratory distress.
They are not typically cyanotic
Examples:
- Ø Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
- Ø Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)
- Ø Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)
- Ø Coarctation of aorta
Cyanotic
- Blue Baby (R à L shunt)
- Cause hypoxia and central cyanosis.
• S/S:- Cynosis
• Unoxygenated blood circulates in arteries Ú cyanosis
Examples:
- Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)
- Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA)
- Truncus Arteriosus (TA)
- Tricuspid Atresia
Eye Flu Treatment Top 7 Tips नेपालीमा
Eye Flu Home Treatment – Prevention of Pink Eye?
Table of Contents (toc)
यसलाई नेपालीमा पढ्न पेजको अन्त्यसम्म स्क्रोल गर्नुहोस।
Introduction
hyperemia associated with discharge that may be watery, mucoid, mucopurulent
or purulent.
Read more on Eye Flu here.
Prevention of eye flu or pink eye:
cause irritation, redness, and discomfort; in rare cases loss of vision and
permanent blindness as well.
1. Practice Good Hygiene:
your face, eyes, or any potentially contaminated surfaces. Avoid touching
your eyes with unwashed hands, as this can introduce harmful bacteria or
viruses.
2. Avoid Sharing Personal Items:
contact lenses with others, as these can harbor bacteria or viruses that
might lead to conjunctivitis.
3. Practice Contact Lens Hygiene:
Wash your hands before handling lenses, disinfect them regularly, and
replace them as recommended by your eye care professional. Avoid wearing
lenses while your eyes are irritated or infected.
4. Protect Your Eyes:
prevent exposure to potentially harmful bacteria and chemicals that could
cause conjunctivitis.
times a day. But remember overwashing or frequent washing is not that good
either.
Over the counter artificial tears (Carboxymethylcellose drops) as
needed or every two to three hours to help with irritation and
difficulty
5. Avoid Close Contact with Infected Individuals:
such as touching or hugging, to reduce the risk of transmitting the
infection.
6. Maintain Clean Surroundings:
as doorknobs, countertops, and electronic devices, to minimize the spread of
germs that could cause conjunctivitis.
7. Stay Away from Irritants:
exacerbate or trigger conjunctivitis. Consider using air purifiers and
keeping windows closed during high pollen seasons.
These tips can help reduce the risk of conjunctivitis, it’s not always
possible to prevent it entirely.
vision, consult a healthcare professional or an eye doctor for proper
diagnosis and treatment.
Bonus Tip:
as needed or every two to three hours to help with irritation and
difficulty.
is discussed in this link .
आँखाको फ्लू वा पिंक आँखाको रोकथाम:
पोल्ने, रातोपन र गाह्रो गर्न सक्छ; कुनै विरल अवस्थामा दृष्टि गुम्ने र स्थायी
अन्धोपन पनि गराऊन सक्छ।
1. राम्रो सरसफाइ गर्नुहोस्:
आँखा, वा कुनै पनि सम्भावित दूषित सतहहरू छोएपछि हात सफा गर्नुहोस। नधोइएकन
हातले आँखा नछुनुहोस्, किनकि यसले हानिकारक ब्याक्टेरिया वा भाइरसहरू
आखासम्म पुर्याउन सक्छ।
2. अर्काको व्यक्तिगत वस्तुहरू प्नयोग नगर्नुहोस्:
वस्तुहरू अरूसँग बाड्ने, साट्ने नगर्नुहोस्, किनकि यसले ब्याक्टेरिया वा
भाइरसहरूलाई सार्न सक्छ जसले कन्जक्टिभाइटिस रोग निम्त्याउन सक्छ।
३. कन्ट्याक्ट लेन्स हाइजिन अभ्यास गर्नुहोस्:
सफाइदिशानिर्देशहरू पालना गर्नुहोस्। लेन्सहरू ह्यान्डल गर्नु अघि आफ्नो हातहरू
धुनुहोस्, तिनीहरूलाई नियमित रूपमा कीटाणुरहित गर्नुहोस्, र तपाईंको आँखा
हेरचाह चिकित्सकले वा व्यवसायीले सिफारिस गरे अनुसार तिनीहरूलाई प्रतिस्थापन
गर्ने गर्नुहोस्।
तपाईंको आँखा जलिरहेको वा संक्रमित हुँदा लेन्स नलगाउनुहोस्।
४. आफ्नो आँखाको सुरक्षा गर्नुहोस्:
हानिकारक ब्याक्टेरिया र रसायनहरू जो कन्जन्क्टिवाइटिस निम्त्याउन सक्छ त्यसलाई
रोक्न गगल- चश्मा लगाउनुहोस्।
सक्नुहुन्छ। तर याद गर्नुहोस् कि धेरै पटक धुनु वा बारम्बार धुनु पनि राम्रो
हैन।
5. संक्रमित व्यक्तिहरूसँग नजिकको सम्पर्कबाट टाढा रहनुहोस्:
सर्ने जोखिमलाई कम गर्नको लागि नजिकको सम्पर्कबाट टाढा रहनुहोस्, जस्तै छुने वा
अँगालो हाल्ने।
6. वरपर सफा राख्नुहोस्:
छोइएका सतहहरू नियमित रूपमा सफा र कीटाणुरहित बनाऊनुहोस, जसले कन्जन्क्टिवाइटिस
निम्त्याउन सक्छ।
७. धुलो-धुवाँबाट टाढा रहनुहोस्:
कन्जन्क्टिवाइटिसलाई बढावा दिन वा ट्रिगर गर्न सक्छ। हावा प्युरिफायरहरू प्रयोग
गर्ने र फुल फुल्ने मौसमहरूमा झ्यालहरू बन्द राख्नुहोस्।
बोनस टिप
दुखाइ-इरिटेसन र अफ्ठेरो कम गर्न आर्टिफिसियल टियर प्रयोग गर्न सकिन्छ।
Red Eye Disease in Nepal 2080
आँखा रातो किन हुन्छ? आँखा रातो हुनु का कारण हरु!
Topics Covered in Red Eye in Nepal
- Aakha rato hune samasya bata kasari bachne
- Conjunctivitis treatment in nepali
- Aakha pakne ko upachar
- Aakha rato vayema k garne
- Aakha rato kina huncha
- Conjunctivitis in nepali
