Year: 2025

100 multiple-choice questions (MCQs) related to the Nepal driving license written test

Here are 100 multiple-choice questions (MCQs) related to the Nepal driving license written test. The correct answers are bolded for clarity.

Questions (1-25)

1. What is the minimum age requirement to obtain a driving license for a motorcycle in Nepal?

a) 16 years

b) 18 years

c) 20 years

d) 21 years

2. What is the legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) limit for drivers in Nepal?

a) 0.05%

b) 0.03%

c) 0.08%

d) 0.10%

3. What does a red traffic light indicate?

a) Slow down

b) Proceed with caution

c) Stop

d) Speed up

4. What is the meaning of a yellow traffic light?

a) Go faster

b) Prepare to stop

c) Continue driving

d) Turn around

5. What does a white line on the road indicate?

a) Overtaking is allowed

b) Lane separation

c) No parking

d) Pedestrian crossing

6. What does a zigzag line on the road indicate?

a) No overtaking

b) Speed limit zone

c) Pedestrian crossing

d) Parking area

7. What is the speed limit in a residential area in Nepal?

a) 40 km/h

b) 30 km/h

c) 50 km/h

d) 60 km/h

8. What is the speed limit on highways in Nepal?

a) 80 km/h

b) 100 km/h

c) 120 km/h

d) 60 km/h

9. What does a blue traffic sign indicate?

a) Warning

b) Mandatory instruction

c) Prohibition

d) Information

10. What does a triangle-shaped traffic sign indicate?

a) Warning

b) Mandatory instruction

c) Prohibition

d) Information

11. What is the penalty for driving without a valid license in Nepal?

a) Warning

b) Fine only

c) Fine and/or imprisonment

d) No penalty

12. What is the validity period of a temporary driving license in Nepal?

a) 1 month

b) 6 months

c) 1 year

d) 2 years

13. What is the first thing to do in case of an accident?

a) Leave the scene

b) Provide first aid and call for help

c) Argue with the other party

d) Drive away

14. What does a “No Entry” sign look like?

a) Blue circle

b) Red circle with a white horizontal bar

c) Yellow triangle

d) Green rectangle

15. What does a “One Way” sign indicate?

a) Traffic flows in one direction only

b) No parking

c) No overtaking

d) Pedestrian crossing

16. What is the purpose of a speed bump?

a) Increase speed

b) Reduce speed

c) Indicate a parking zone

d) Mark a pedestrian crossing

17. What does a “Stop” sign mean?

a) Slow down

b) Come to a complete stop

c) Proceed with caution

d) Yield

18. What is the meaning of a “Give Way” sign?

a) Stop completely

b) Yield to other vehicles

c) Speed up

d) No entry

19. What does a flashing yellow light at an intersection mean?

a) Stop

b) Proceed with caution

c) Speed up

d) No entry

20. What is the purpose of a zebra crossing?

a) Pedestrian crossing

b) No parking zone

c) Speed limit zone

d) Overtaking zone

21. What does a “No Parking” sign indicate?

a) Parking is prohibited

b) Parking is allowed

c) Overtaking is allowed

d) Speed limit zone

22. What is the penalty for overspeeding in Nepal?

a) Warning

b) Fine and/or imprisonment

c) No penalty

d) License suspension

23. What does a “No Horn” sign mean?

a) Horn is prohibited

b) Horn is mandatory

c) Speed limit zone

d) Pedestrian crossing

24. What is the purpose of a rearview mirror?

a) Check behind the vehicle

b) Decorate the vehicle

c) Increase speed

d) Reduce fuel consumption

25. What does a “No U-Turn” sign mean?

a) U-turns are prohibited

b) U-turns are allowed

c) Speed limit zone

d) Pedestrian crossing

Questions (26-50)

26. What is the meaning of a “School Zone” sign?

a) Drive carefully near a school

b) No parking

c) Speed up

d) Overtaking zone

27. What does a “No Overtaking” sign indicate?

a) Overtaking is prohibited

b) Overtaking is allowed

c) Speed limit zone

d) Pedestrian crossing

28. What is the purpose of a seatbelt?

a) Ensure safety in case of an accident

b) Decorate the vehicle

c) Increase speed

d) Reduce fuel consumption

29. What does a “No Stopping” sign mean?

a) Stopping is prohibited

b) Stopping is allowed

c) Speed limit zone

d) Pedestrian crossing

30. What is the meaning of a “Roundabout” sign?

a) Drive around the circular intersection

b) Stop completely

c) Speed up

d) No entry

31. What does a “Pedestrian Crossing” sign indicate?

a) Watch for pedestrians

b) No parking

c) Speed limit zone

d) Overtaking zone

32. What is the purpose of a traffic police officer’s hand signal?

a) Control traffic flow

b) Decorate the road

c) Increase speed

d) Reduce fuel consumption

33. What does a “No Entry for Vehicles” sign mean?

a) Vehicles are not allowed

b) Vehicles are allowed

c) Speed limit zone

d) Pedestrian crossing

34. What is the meaning of a “T-Junction” sign?

a) Road ends ahead

b) No parking

c) Speed limit zone

d) Pedestrian crossing

35. What does a “Falling Rocks” sign indicate?

a) Risk of falling rocks

b) No parking

c) Speed limit zone

d) Pedestrian crossing

36. What is the purpose of a “Speed Limit” sign?

a) Indicate maximum speed allowed

b) Decorate the road

c) Increase speed

d) Reduce fuel consumption

37. What does a “Narrow Bridge” sign mean?

a) Bridge is narrow

b) No parking

c) Speed limit zone

d) Pedestrian crossing

38. What is the meaning of a “Slippery Road” sign?

a) Road may be slippery

b) No parking

c) Speed limit zone

d) Pedestrian crossing

39. What does a “Cattle Crossing” sign indicate?

a) Watch for cattle

b) No parking

c) Speed limit zone

d) Pedestrian crossing

40. What is the purpose of a “Hump” sign?

a) Indicate a speed bump

b) Decorate the road

c) Increase speed

d) Reduce fuel consumption

41. What does a “No Through Road” sign mean?

a) Road does not go through

b) No parking

c) Speed limit zone

d) Pedestrian crossing

42. What is the meaning of a “Level Crossing” sign?

a) Railway crossing ahead

b) No parking

c) Speed limit zone

d) Pedestrian crossing

43. What does a “Men at Work” sign indicate?

a) Workers on the road

b) No parking

c) Speed limit zone

d) Pedestrian crossing

44. What is the purpose of a “Keep Left” sign?

a) Drive on the left side

b) Decorate the road

c) Increase speed

d) Reduce fuel consumption

45. What does a “No Waiting” sign mean?

a) Waiting is prohibited

b) Waiting is allowed

c) Speed limit zone

d) Pedestrian crossing

46. What is the meaning of a “Two-Way Traffic” sign?

a) Traffic flows in both directions

b) No parking

c) Speed limit zone

d) Pedestrian crossing

47. What does a “No Cycling” sign indicate?

a) Cycling is prohibited

b) Cycling is allowed

c) Speed limit zone

d) Pedestrian crossing

48. What is the purpose of a “No Heavy Vehicles” sign?

a) Heavy vehicles are prohibited

b) Decorate the road

c) Increase speed

d) Reduce fuel consumption

49. What does a “No Left Turn” sign mean?

a) Left turns are prohibited

b) Left turns are allowed

c) Speed limit zone

d) Pedestrian crossing

50. What is the meaning of a “No Right Turn” sign?

a) Right turns are prohibited

b) Right turns are allowed

c) Speed limit zone

d) Pedestrian crossing

Questions (51-75)

51. What does a “No Parking on Odd Days” sign indicate?

a) Parking is prohibited on odd days

b) Parking is prohibited on even days

c) Speed limit zone

d) Pedestrian crossing

52. What is the purpose of a “No Parking on Even Days” sign?

a) Parking is prohibited on even days

b) Parking is prohibited on odd days

c) Speed limit zone

d) Pedestrian crossing

53. What does a “No Stopping or Standing” sign mean?

a) Stopping or standing is prohibited

b) Stopping or standing is allowed

c) Speed limit zone

d) Pedestrian crossing

54. What is the meaning of a “No Entry for Pedestrians” sign?

a) Pedestrians are not allowed

b) Pedestrians are allowed

c) Speed limit zone

d) Overtaking zone

55. What does a “No Entry for Cycles” sign indicate?

a) Cycles are not allowed

b) Cycles are allowed

c) Speed limit zone

d) Pedestrian crossing

56. What is the purpose of a “No Entry for Trucks” sign?

a) Trucks are not allowed

b) Trucks are allowed

c) Speed limit zone

d) Pedestrian crossing

57. What does a “No Entry for Buses” sign mean?

a) Buses are not allowed

b) Buses are allowed

c) Speed limit zone

d) Pedestrian crossing

58. What is the meaning of a “No Entry for Cars” sign?

a) Cars are not allowed

b) Cars are allowed

c) Speed limit zone

d) Pedestrian crossing

59. What does a “No Entry for Motorcycles” sign indicate?

a) Motorcycles are not allowed

b) Motorcycles are allowed

c) Speed limit zone

d) Pedestrian crossing

60. What is the purpose of a “No Entry for Tractors” sign?

a) Tractors are not allowed

b) Tractors are allowed

c) Speed limit zone

d) Pedestrian crossing

61. What does a “No Entry for Animal-Drawn Vehicles” sign mean?

a) Animal-drawn vehicles are not allowed

b) Animal-drawn vehicles are allowed

c) Speed limit zone

d) Pedestrian crossing

62. What is the meaning of a “No Entry for Handcarts” sign?

a) Handcarts are not allowed

b) Handcarts are allowed

c) Speed limit zone

d) Pedestrian crossing

63. What does a “No Entry for Rickshaws” sign indicate?

a) Rickshaws are not allowed

b) Rickshaws are allowed

c) Speed limit zone

d) Pedestrian crossing

64. What is the purpose of a “No Entry for Carts” sign?

a) Carts are not allowed

b) Carts are allowed

c) Speed limit zone

d) Pedestrian crossing

65. What does a “No Entry for Horse-Drawn Vehicles” sign mean?

a) Horse-drawn vehicles are not allowed

b) Horse-drawn vehicles are allowed

c) Speed limit zone

d) Pedestrian crossing

66. What is the meaning of a “No Entry for Bullock Carts” sign?

a) Bullock carts are not allowed

b) Bullock carts are allowed

c) Speed limit zone

d) Pedestrian crossing

67. What does a “No Entry for Camel Carts” sign indicate?

a) Camel carts are not allowed

b) Camel carts are allowed

c) Speed limit zone

d) Pedestrian crossing

68. What is the purpose of a “No Entry for Donkey Carts” sign?

a) Donkey carts are not allowed

b) Donkey carts are allowed

c) Speed limit zone

d) Pedestrian crossing

69. What does a “No Entry for Elephant Rides” sign mean?

a) Elephant rides are not allowed

b) Elephant rides are allowed

c) Speed limit zone

d) Pedestrian crossing

70. What is the meaning of a “No Entry for Horse Rides” sign?

a) Horse rides are not allowed

b) Horse rides are allowed

c) Speed limit zone

d) Pedestrian crossing

71. What does a “No Entry for Bicycle Rickshaws” sign indicate?

a) Bicycle rickshaws are not allowed

b) Bicycle rickshaws are allowed

c) Speed limit zone

d) Pedestrian crossing

72. What is the purpose of a “No Entry for Auto Rickshaws” sign?

a) Auto rickshaws are not allowed

b) Auto rickshaws are allowed

c) Speed limit zone

d) Pedestrian crossing

73. What does a “No Entry for Tempos” sign mean?

a) Tempos are not allowed

b) Tempos are allowed

c) Speed limit zone

d) Pedestrian crossing

74. What is the meaning of a “No Entry for Vans” sign?

a) Vans are not allowed

b) Vans are allowed

c) Speed limit zone

d) Pedestrian crossing

75. What does a “No Entry for Jeeps” sign indicate?

a) Jeeps are not allowed

b) Jeeps are allowed

c) Speed limit zone

d) Pedestrian crossing

Questions (76-100)

76. What is the purpose of a “No Entry for SUVs” sign?

a) SUVs are not allowed

b) SUVs are allowed

c) Speed limit zone

d) Pedestrian crossing

77. What does a “No Entry for Pickups” sign mean?

a) Pickups are not allowed

b) Pickups are allowed

c) Speed limit zone

d) Pedestrian crossing

78. What is the meaning of a “No Entry for Minibuses” sign?

a) Minibuses are not allowed

b) Minibuses are allowed

c) Speed limit zone

d) Pedestrian crossing

79. What does a “No Entry for Microbuses” sign indicate?

a) Microbuses are not allowed

b) Microbuses are allowed

c) Speed limit zone

d) Pedestrian crossing

80. What is the purpose of a “No Entry for Coaches” sign?

a) Coaches are not allowed

b) Coaches are allowed

c) Speed limit zone

d) Pedestrian crossing

81. What does a “No Entry for Trucks with Trailers” sign mean?

a) Trucks with trailers are not allowed

b) Trucks with trailers are allowed

c) Speed limit zone

d) Pedestrian crossing

82. What is the meaning of a “No Entry for Tankers” sign?

a) Tankers are not allowed

b) Tankers are allowed

c) Speed limit zone

d) Pedestrian crossing

83. What does a “No Entry for Trailers” sign indicate?

a) Trailers are not allowed

b) Trailers are allowed

c) Speed limit zone

d) Pedestrian crossing

84. What is the purpose of a “No Entry for Caravans” sign?

a) Caravans are not allowed

b) Caravans are allowed

c) Speed limit zone

d) Pedestrian crossing

85. What does a “No Entry for Ambulances” sign mean?

a) Ambulances are not allowed

b) Ambulances are allowed

c) Speed limit zone

d) Pedestrian crossing

86. What is the meaning of a “No Entry for Fire Trucks” sign?

a) Fire trucks are not allowed

b) Fire trucks are allowed

c) Speed limit zone

d) Pedestrian crossing

87. What does a “No Entry for Police Vehicles” sign indicate?

a) Police vehicles are not allowed

b) Police vehicles are allowed

c) Speed limit zone

d) Pedestrian crossing

88. What is the purpose of a “No Entry for Military Vehicles” sign?

a) Military vehicles are not allowed

b) Military vehicles are allowed

c) Speed limit zone

d) Pedestrian crossing

89. What does a “No Entry for Government Vehicles” sign mean?

a) Government vehicles are not allowed

b) Government vehicles are allowed

c) Speed limit zone

d) Pedestrian crossing

90. What is the meaning of a “No Entry for Diplomatic Vehicles” sign?

a) Diplomatic vehicles are not allowed

b) Diplomatic vehicles are allowed

c) Speed limit zone

d) Pedestrian crossing

91. What does a “No Entry for Tourist Vehicles” sign indicate?

a) Tourist vehicles are not allowed

b) Tourist vehicles are allowed

c) Speed limit zone

d) Pedestrian crossing

92. What is the purpose of a “No Entry for Rental Vehicles” sign?

a) Rental vehicles are not allowed

b) Rental vehicles are allowed

c) Speed limit zone

d) Pedestrian crossing

93. What does a “No Entry for Taxis” sign mean?

a) Taxis are not allowed

b) Taxis are allowed

c) Speed limit zone

d) Pedestrian crossing

94. What is the meaning of a “No Entry for Private Vehicles” sign?

a) Private vehicles are not allowed

b) Private vehicles are allowed

c) Speed limit zone

d) Pedestrian crossing

95. What does a “No Entry for Commercial Vehicles” sign indicate?

a) Commercial vehicles are not allowed

b) Commercial vehicles are allowed

c) Speed limit zone

d) Pedestrian crossing

96. What is the purpose of a “No Entry for Public Vehicles” sign?

a) Public vehicles are not allowed

b) Public vehicles are allowed

c) Speed limit zone

d) Pedestrian crossing

97. What does a “No Entry for Goods Vehicles” sign mean?

a) Goods vehicles are not allowed

b) Goods vehicles are allowed

c) Speed limit zone

d) Pedestrian crossing

98. What is the meaning of a “No Entry for Passenger Vehicles” sign?

a) Passenger vehicles are not allowed

b) Passenger vehicles are allowed

c) Speed limit zone

d) Pedestrian crossing

99. What does a “No Entry for Heavy Goods Vehicles” sign indicate?

a) Heavy goods vehicles are not allowed

b) Heavy goods vehicles are allowed

c) Speed limit zone

d) Pedestrian crossing

100. What is the purpose of a “No Entry for Light Goods Vehicles” sign?

a) Light goods vehicles are not allowed

b) Light goods vehicles are allowed

c) Speed limit zone

d) Pedestrian crossing

Here is the list of correct answers (keys) for all 100 questions:

1. b) 18 years

2. b) 0.03%

3. c) Stop

4. b) Prepare to stop

5. b) Lane separation

6. a) No overtaking

7. b) 30 km/h

8. b) 100 km/h

9. b) Mandatory instruction

10. a) Warning

11. c) Fine and/or imprisonment

12. b) 6 months

13. b) Provide first aid and call for help

14. b) Red circle with a white horizontal bar

15. a) Traffic flows in one direction only

16. b) Reduce speed

17. b) Come to a complete stop

18. b) Yield to other vehicles

19. b) Proceed with caution

20. a) Pedestrian crossing

21. a) Parking is prohibited

22. b) Fine and/or imprisonment

23. a) Horn is prohibited

24. a) Check behind the vehicle

25. a) U-turns are prohibited

26. a) Drive carefully near a school

27. a) Overtaking is prohibited

28. a) Ensure safety in case of an accident

29. a) Stopping is prohibited

30. a) Drive around the circular intersection

31. a) Watch for pedestrians

32. a) Control traffic flow

33. a) Vehicles are not allowed

34. a) Road ends ahead

35. a) Risk of falling rocks

36. a) Indicate maximum speed allowed

37. a) Bridge is narrow

38. a) Road may be slippery

39. a) Watch for cattle

40. a) Indicate a speed bump

41. a) Road does not go through

42. a) Railway crossing ahead

43. a) Workers on the road

44. a) Drive on the left side

45. a) Waiting is prohibited

46. a) Traffic flows in both directions

47. a) Cycling is prohibited

48. a) Heavy vehicles are prohibited

49. a) Left turns are prohibited

50. a) Right turns are prohibited

51. a) Parking is prohibited on odd days

52. a) Parking is prohibited on even days

53. a) Stopping or standing is prohibited

54. a) Pedestrians are not allowed

55. a) Cycles are not allowed

56. a) Trucks are not allowed

57. a) Buses are not allowed

58. a) Cars are not allowed

59. a) Motorcycles are not allowed

60. a) Tractors are not allowed

61. a) Animal-drawn vehicles are not allowed

62. a) Handcarts are not allowed

63. a) Rickshaws are not allowed

64. a) Carts are not allowed

65. a) Horse-drawn vehicles are not allowed

66. a) Bullock carts are not allowed

67. a) Camel carts are not allowed

68. a) Donkey carts are not allowed

69. a) Elephant rides are not allowed

70. a) Horse rides are not allowed

71. a) Bicycle rickshaws are not allowed

72. a) Auto rickshaws are not allowed

73. a) Tempos are not allowed

74. a) Vans are not allowed

75. a) Jeeps are not allowed

76. a) SUVs are not allowed

77. a) Pickups are not allowed

78. a) Minibuses are not allowed

79. a) Microbuses are not allowed

80. a) Coaches are not allowed

81. a) Trucks with trailers are not allowed

82. a) Tankers are not allowed

83. a) Trailers are not allowed

84. a) Caravans are not allowed

85. a) Ambulances are not allowed

86. a) Fire trucks are not allowed

87. a) Police vehicles are not allowed

88. a) Military vehicles are not allowed

89. a) Government vehicles are not allowed

90. a) Diplomatic vehicles are not allowed

91. a) Tourist vehicles are not allowed

92. a) Rental vehicles are not allowed

93. a) Taxis are not allowed

94. a) Private vehicles are not allowed

95. a) Commercial vehicles are not allowed

96. a) Public vehicles are not allowed

97. a) Goods vehicles are not allowed

98. a) Passenger vehicles are not allowed

99. a) Heavy goods vehicles are not allowed

100. a) Light goods vehicles are not allowed

1. The branch of science that deals with the structure and function of the human body is called…

a) Anatomy
b) Physiology
c) Anatomy & Physiology
d) Pathology

2. The outermost layer of skin is made of…

a) Columnar epithelium
b) Stratified squamous
c) Transitional epithelium
d) Cuboidal squamous

3. The fibrous tissue that covers the bone is called…

a) Perimetrium
b) Pericardium
c) Perichondrium
d) Periosteum

4. Total number of facial bones are…

a) 14
b) 22
c) 33
d) 60

5. “Patella” is…

a) Shoot bone
b) Irregular bone
c) Sesamoid bone
d) Flat bone

6. There are ___ bones found in the Appendicular skeleton?

a) 136
b) 126
c) 146
d) 116

7. Which is not a part of the axial skeleton?

a) Tibia
b) Humerus
c) Pisiform
d) Sternum

8. What is the main function of air sinuses?

a) To lighten the skull
b) To give resonance to the voice
c) To pour waste matter from the sinus into the nasal cavity
d) All of the above

9. To draw CSF, Lumbar puncture (LP) is done at…

a) L₁ to L₂
b) L₂ to L₃
c) L₃ to L₄
d) L₄ to L₅

10. The anterior fontanel is ossified at…

a) 18 months
b) 2-3 months
c) 30 years
d) 2 years

11. Which is the smallest bone in our body?

a) Malleus
b) Carpal
c) Stapes
d) Atlas

12. The tendon connects…

a) Muscle to bone
b) Muscle to muscle
c) Bone to bone
d) None

13. The end of long bones are covered by…

a) Ligament
b) Tendon
c) Cartilage
d) Bone cap

14. Odontoid process is characteristic of…

a) Atlas
b) Coccyx
c) Thoracic vertebra
d) Axis

15. Which of the following metals can be used in joint-related conditions?

a) Mercury
b) Iron
c) Gold
d) Silver

16. Long bones develop from…

a) Membrane
b) Cartilage
c) Tendon
d) All

17. Lunate bone forms part of…

a) Ankle joint
b) Wrist joint
c) Knee joint
d) Shoulder joint

18. Navicular bone is related to…

a) Tarsal
b) Carpals
c) Tibia
d) Skull

19. Which cartilage is responsible for the intervertebral disc?

a) Elastic cartilage
b) Hyaline cartilage
c) Calcified cartilage
d) Fibrous cartilage

20. How many bones make up the thoracic cage?

a) 25
b) 12
c) 37
d) 24

21. What percentage of water is found in bone?

a) 10%
b) 15%
c) 40%
d) 20%

22. Freely movable joints are covered by…

a) Mucous membrane
b) Serous membrane
c) Synovial membrane
d) All

23. Haversian canal is found in…

a) Bone
b) Brain
c) Pancreas
d) Liver

24. Which is the common muscle for giving an intramuscular injection?

a) Quadriceps
b) Deltoid
c) Gluteal
d) All

25. Muscle fatigue is due to…

a) Lactic acid
b) Pyruvic acid
c) Oxaloacetic acid
d) Ketone bodies

26. Which muscle pulls the angle of the jaw downward, expressing surprise or horror?

a) Platysma
b) Trapezius
c) Buccinator
d) Masseter

27. The attractive bulk of a female’s calf is formed by the… muscle.

a) Hamstring
b) Gluteal
c) Gastrocnemius
d) Rectus femoris

28. Actin, Myosin, and Tropomyosin are parts of…

a) Cartilage
b) Skeletal muscle
c) Neuron
d) Nephron

29. What percentage of oxygen is found in expired air?

a) 10%
b) 12%
c) 16%
d) 21%

30. How many lobes does the right lung possess?

a) 2
b) 3
c) 4
d) 5

31. Trachea is made up of how many ‘C’-shaped hyaline cartilage rings?

a) 16 to 21
b) 10 to 14
c) 7 to 10
d) 8 to 10

32. The space between the two lungs where the heart is situated is called…

a) Hypophyseal fossa
b) Hilus
c) Sinusoid
d) Mediastinum

33. The capacity of air that can be forcibly expired after the deepest possible inspiration is called…

a) Vital capacity
b) Tidal volume
c) Expiratory reserve volume
d) Residual volume

34. What is the tidal volume of air in an adult during quiet and normal breathing?

a) 300 ml
b) 500 ml
c) 750 ml
d) 1000 ml

35. Alveoli are lined internally by…

a) Columnar epithelium
b) Ciliated epithelium
c) Pavement epithelium
d) Cuboidal epithelium

36. The most powerful buffer system in the body is…

a) Protein buffer system
b) Phosphate buffer system
c) Bicarbonate buffer system
d) None

37. Among the 12 pairs of ribs, the first seven pairs are called…

a) False ribs
b) Vertebrosternal ribs
c) Floating ribs
d) Vertebrochondrial ribs

38. The largest and first developed paranasal sinus is…

a) Sphenoid sinus
b) Ethmoid sinus
c) Maxillary sinus
d) Frontal sinus

39. The normal pressure within the pleural cavity is…

a) Positive
b) Negative
c) Zero
d) None of the above

40. During normal respiration, the amount of oxygen absorbed per minute is…

a) 1000 ml
b) 750 ml
c) 500 ml
d) 250 ml

41. The presence of air in the pleural space is known as…

a) Pneumothorax
b) Pleural effusion
c) Haemothorax
d) Pyothorax

42. How much oxygen is carried by 1 gm of hemoglobin in the blood?

a) 0.5 ml
b) 1 ml
c) 1.34 ml
d) 2.35 ml

43. Which is NOT a main function of the circulatory system?

a) To transport nutrients to different tissues of the body
b) To provide a defense mechanism
c) To maintain acid-base balance
d) To regulate temperature

44. The condition in which the number of WBCs decreases very low is…

a) Leukopenia
b) Thrombopenia
c) Lymphocytosis
d) Leukocytosis

45. The artery that supplies the heart itself is called…

a) Cardiac artery
b) Coronary artery
c) Pulmonary artery
d) Brachial artery

46. Enlargement of the heart due to any pathological condition is called…

a) Pericarditis
b) Cardiomyopathy
c) Myocardial infarction
d) Cardiomegaly

47. The only artery that carries impure blood in our body is…

a) Renal artery
b) Carotid artery
c) Pulmonary artery
d) Tibial artery

48. The amount of blood ejected from the heart in one beat is called…

a) Stroke volume
b) Cardiac output
c) Cardiac cycle
d) Heart rate

49. A normal, healthy adult has how much blood?

a) 3 to 4 liters
b) 4 to 5 liters
c) 5 to 6 liters
d) 7 to 10 liters

50. If temperature increases by 1°F, the pulse rate increases by…

a) 8
b) 10
c) 12
d) 15

Answer keys

 1.c 2.b 3.d 4.a 5.c 6.b 7.d 8.d 9.c 10.a 11.c 12.a 13.c 14.d 15.c 16.b 17.b 18.a 19.d 20.c 21.d 22.c 23.a 24.d 25.a 26.a 27.c 28.b 29.c 30.b 31.a 32.d 33.a 34.b 35.c 36.a 37.b 38.c 39.b 40.d 41.a 42.c 43.c 44.a 45.b 46.d 47.c 48.a 49.c 50.b

The Meister cycle, also known as the γ-glutamyl cycle, is a crucial biochemical pathway responsible for the synthesis and regulation of glutathione”a vital antioxidant that protects cells from oxidative damage and maintains redox balance. First proposed by biochemist Alton Meister, this cycle also plays a significant role in amino acid transport across cell membranes.

Key Steps of the Meister Cycle

Glutathione Synthesis:

The cycle begins with the synthesis of glutathione (GSH) from its precursor amino acids: glutamate, cysteine, and glycine. This process involves two ATP-dependent enzymatic reactions:
Glutamate combines with cysteine to form γ-glutamylcysteine, catalyzed by the enzyme glutamate-cysteine ligase.
γ-Glutamylcysteine then conjugates with glycine to produce glutathione, facilitated by glutathione synthetase.

Amino Acid Transport:

Glutathione interacts with γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) on the cell membrane, transferring its γ-glutamyl group to an amino acid, forming a γ-glutamyl-amino acid complex. This complex is transported into the cell, where it is broken down to release the free amino acid and 5-oxoproline.
5-Oxoproline Conversion: 5-Oxoproline is converted back to glutamate by the enzyme 5-oxoprolinase, allowing the cycle to continue.

The Meister Cycle Mnemonic easy

The Meister Cycle (or the γ-glutamyl cycle) is involved in amino acid transport and glutathione metabolism. A mnemonic to remember the key steps is:

“Good Teachers Always Make Great Notes”

Where each letter corresponds to a step in the cycle:

G → Glutathione (GSH)
T → γ-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) (Transfers glutamyl group to amino acid)
A → Amino Acid Transport (Across the membrane)
M → γ-Glutamyl Cyclotransferase (Forms 5-oxoproline)
G → 5-Oxoprolinase (Converts 5-oxoproline back to glutamate)
N → New Glutathione (GSH) Formation
This mnemonic helps recall the cycle’s flow, emphasizing glutathione’s role in amino acid transport and metabolism. Let me know if you want a simpler or more detailed version!
Physiological Significance:
Antioxidant Defense: Glutathione neutralizes reactive oxygen species (ROS), protecting cells from oxidative stress.
Detoxification: It conjugates with toxic compounds, facilitating their excretion from the body.
Amino Acid Transport: The cycle assists in the uptake of amino acids into cells, essential for protein synthesis and various metabolic processes.
Disruptions in the Meister cycle can lead to decreased glutathione levels, impairing cellular defense mechanisms and increasing susceptibility to oxidative damage. Understanding this cycle is fundamental in fields like biochemistry and medicine, especially concerning diseases linked to oxidative stress and amino acid metabolism disorders.

For a visual explanation of the Meister cycle, you might find this video helpful

Disruptions in the Meister cycle, particularly in glutathione metabolism, can lead to various pathological conditions. These disorders arise due to impaired antioxidant defense, defective amino acid transport, and metabolic imbalances. Below are some key pathologies associated with the Meister cycle:

1. Glutathione Deficiency Disorders
   Glutathione Synthetase Deficiency: A rare autosomal recessive disorder causing severe metabolic acidosis, hemolytic anemia, and neurological symptoms due to the inability to synthesize glutathione.
   5-Oxoprolinuria (Pyroglutamic Aciduria): Caused by defects in glutathione synthetase or 5-oxoprolinase, leading to excessive urinary excretion of 5-oxoproline, metabolic acidosis, and neurological impairment.
2. Oxidative Stress-Related Diseases
   Neurodegenerative Disorders: Conditions like Parkinson disease, Alzheimers disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are associated with decreased glutathione levels, leading to increased oxidative damage in neurons.
   Cardiovascular Diseases: Oxidative stress due to glutathione imbalance contributes to atherosclerosis, hypertension, and myocardial infarction.
   Cancer: Some cancers exploit glutathione metabolism to resist oxidative stress and chemotherapy, making it a target for cancer treatment strategies.
3. Metabolic and Genetic Disorders
   Cystic Fibrosis: Patients often exhibit reduced glutathione levels in lung epithelial lining fluid, contributing to chronic inflammation and oxidative damage.
   Diabetes Mellitus: Oxidative stress from glutathione depletion plays a role in insulin resistance and complications like diabetic neuropathy and nephropathy.
4. Liver and Kidney Diseases
   Hepatic Disorders: Conditions like non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and alcoholic liver disease show glutathione depletion, impairing detoxification and increasing liver damage.
   Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Impaired glutathione metabolism in CKD contributes to oxidative stress and progression of renal dysfunction.
5. Drug and Toxin Sensitivity
   Acetaminophen (Paracetamol) Toxicity: Overdose depletes glutathione stores, leading to hepatotoxicity. Treatment involves N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a glutathione precursor.
   Heavy Metal Toxicity: Lead, mercury, and cadmium deplete glutathione, increasing cellular damage.
   
   The Meister cycle plays a crucial role in maintaining cellular health by regulating glutathione levels. Disruptions in this cycle contribute to a wide range of diseases, from genetic disorders to age-related neurodegeneration. Understanding these associations is essential for developing targeted therapeutic interventions.

Who is Dr Chaitanya Joshi?

Dr Chaitanya Joshi

Table of contents (toc)

Introduction

Childhood

Acetaminophen poisoning (Paracetamol overdose) : Medical summary for nerds

Emergency sign in a hospital

(For specific and authentic data please visit toxbase database or contact your local authority)

18. What is plasma acetaminophen level and whyis it required?

nepal pharmacy council result pdf 2081 full download npc results 2024

CMA LokSewa model MCQ free for Nepal (free MCQ) 2081

Here are 30 multiple-choice questions (MCQs) in the CMA Loksewa model format, based on real and past exam patterns in Nepal. Answer keys are listed at the end.

CMA Loksewa Model MCQ

Section 1: Anatomy & Physiology

1. Which of the following is the largest organ in the human body?

a) Liver

b) Heart

c) Skin

d) Kidney

2. What is the normal range of hemoglobin in adult males?

a) 9-11 g/dL

b) 12-16 g/dL

c) 14-18 g/dL

d) 10-14 g/dL

3. The sinoatrial (SA) node is located in which part of the heart?

a) Right atrium

b) Left atrium

c) Right ventricle

d) Left ventricle

4. Which blood cells are responsible for clotting?

a) Erythrocytes

b) Leukocytes

c) Thrombocytes

d) Monocytes

5. The primary function of the nephron is:

a) Production of insulin

b) Filtration of blood

c) Transport of oxygen

d) Regulation of blood pressure

Section 2: Pharmacology

6. Paracetamol is mainly used as a:

a) Antibiotic

b) Antipyretic

c) Anticoagulant

d) Antihypertensive

7. What is the antidote for paracetamol overdose?

a) Naloxone

b) Atropine

c) N-acetylcysteine

d) Flumazenil

8. Which of the following drugs is NOT a beta-blocker?

a) Atenolol

b) Propranolol

c) Nifedipine

d) Metoprolol

9. Which vitamin deficiency leads to night blindness?

a) Vitamin A

b) Vitamin B1

c) Vitamin C

d) Vitamin K

10. Metformin is used to treat:

a) Hypertension

b) Diabetes mellitus

c) Epilepsy

d) Asthma

Section 3: Microbiology & Infection Control

11. Koch’s postulates are used to identify:

a) Bacteria causing disease

b) Normal flora of the body

c) Cancerous cells

d) Genetic disorders

12. Sterilization means:

a) Killing all microorganisms including spores

b) Killing only bacteria

c) Removal of dirt and debris

d) Washing hands with soap

13. Which of the following is a Gram-negative bacteria?

a) Staphylococcus aureus

b) Clostridium tetani

c) Escherichia coli

d) Bacillus anthracis

14. Hepatitis B is transmitted through:

a) Contaminated food

b) Contaminated water

c) Blood and body fluids

d) Airborne droplets

15. Autoclaving is done at:

a) 100°C for 30 minutes

b) 121°C for 15 minutes under 15 psi pressure

c) 70°C for 20 minutes

d) 200°C for 10 minutes

Section 4: Community Health & Epidemiology

16. The infant mortality rate (IMR) refers to the number of deaths per 1,000 live births in:

a) First 28 days of life

b) First 6 months of life

c) First year of life

d) First 5 years of life

17. DOTS strategy is used in the treatment of:

a) Malaria

b) Tuberculosis

c) HIV/AIDS

d) Typhoid

18. The main goal of primary health care is:

a) Specialized medical services

b) Costly healthcare facilities

c) Prevention and promotion of health

d) Only curative services

19. The normal BMI range for a healthy adult is:

a) 10-15 kg/m²

b) 18.5-24.9 kg/m²

c) 25-30 kg/m²

d) 30-35 kg/m²

20. Which vaccine is given at birth in Nepal’s immunization schedule?

a) OPV

b) DPT

c) BCG

d) Hepatitis A

Section 5: First Aid & Emergency Care

21. CPR compression rate for adults is:

a) 30 compressions per minute

b) 60 compressions per minute

c) 100-120 compressions per minute

d) 200 compressions per minute

22. Which is the best method to control severe bleeding?

a) Elevation

b) Applying direct pressure

c) Applying ice

d) Giving aspirin

23. Burns covering more than 30% of body surface area are classified as:

a) Minor burns

b) Moderate burns

c) Severe burns

d) First-degree burns

24. Choking in an adult should be managed using:

a) Chest compressions

b) Heimlich maneuver

c) Giving water

d) Holding breath

25. Fracture immobilization is done using:

a) Stethoscope

b) Bandage

c) Splint

d) Tourniquet

Section 6: Loksewa General Knowledge & Ethics

26. The current health minister of Nepal (as of 2025) is:

a) (Check latest)

27. The number of provincial hospitals in Nepal is:

a) 5

b) 7

c) 10

d) 12

28. Health ethics emphasize:

a) Patient confidentiality

b) Selling expensive medicines

c) Prioritizing rich patients

d) Hiding medical errors

29. The full form of NHRC in Nepal is:

a) National Health Resource Center

b) National Human Rights Commission

c) Nepal Health Research Council

d) Nepal Hospital and Research Center

30. Janakpur is the capital of:

a) Province 1

b) Bagmati Province

c) Madhesh Province

d) Lumbini Province

Answer Key

1. c) Skin

2. c) 14-18 g/dL

3. a) Right atrium

4. c) Thrombocytes

5. b) Filtration of blood

6. b) Antipyretic

7. c) N-acetylcysteine

8. c) Nifedipine

9. a) Vitamin A

10. b) Diabetes mellitus

11. a) Bacteria causing disease

12. a) Killing all microorganisms including spores

13. c) Escherichia coli

14. c) Blood and body fluids

15. b) 121°C for 15 minutes under 15 psi pressure

16. c) First year of life

17. b) Tuberculosis

18. c) Prevention and promotion of health

19. b) 18.5-24.9 kg/m²

20. c) BCG

21. c) 100-120 compressions per minute

22. b) Applying direct pressure

23. c) Severe burns

24. b) Heimlich maneuver

25. c) Splint

26-27. (Check latest info)

28. B a) Patient confidentiality

 29.  c) Nepal Health Research Council

 30. c) Madhesh Province

Let me know if you need more!

के हो र कसरि उपचार गर्ने? के एक्ने उपचार सम्भव छ? Acne in Nepali

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एकनेलाई अर्को सब्दमा एकने भल्गरिस नि भनिन्छ।  यो एक छालासम्बन्धी रोग हो।  यसमा छाला मा दाग आउनु को साथै घाउ समेत हुने गर्छ। यो प्राय जस्तो अनुहारमा आउछ भने घटी, गर्धन र पिठ्यु मा समेत आउने गर्दछ।  

यसले कपालको जरालाई असर गर्दछ भने संगसंगै तेल ग्रन्थि मा समेत सुजन हुन्छ।  ऐक्ने (Acne) छालामा आउने सानो रातो वा सेतो फोका वा डण्डिफोर हो। यसले विशेष गरी किशोरावस्थामा धेरैलाई प्रभावित गर्छ। अनुहार, ढाड, काँध र छातीमा बढी देखिन्छ।

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