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10 Benefits of healthy diet, why, what and how? 

healthy diet chart

Introduction to benefits of healthy diet

Maintaining a healthy diet is one of the most important things you can do for your overall health and well-being. 

A healthy diet consists of a variety of nutrient-dense foods that provide your body with the essential vitamins, minerals, and macronutrients it needs to function properly. 

In this article, we will explore the benefits of a healthy diet and how it can impact your health.

Benefits of Healthy Diet

• Helps Manage Weight
• Makes you feel energized the whole day
• Reduces the Risk of Chronic Diseases
• Improves Digestion
• Boosts Immune System
• Improves Mood
• Improves Skin Health
• Healthy Diet Increases Longevity
• Enhances Physical Performance
• Supports Better Sleep Quality

Helps Manage Weight

Eating a healthy diet can help you manage your weight, which is crucial for preventing chronic diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, and high blood pressure. A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein can help you maintain a healthy weight by providing your body with the nutrients it needs while also reducing your calorie intake.Boosts Energy

Makes you feel energized the whole day

Eating a healthy diet can help you feel more energized throughout the day. A balanced diet that includes whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats can help stabilize blood sugar levels, which can prevent energy crashes and fatigue.

Reduces the Risk of Chronic Diseases

A healthy diet can reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, and cancer. 

A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein can help lower cholesterol levels, reduce blood pressure, and improve insulin sensitivity.

Basically, a healthy diet is essential for maintaining good health and preventing chronic diseases. A diet that includes a variety of nutrient-dense foods such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein can provide your body with the essential nutrients it needs to function properly.

 

Eating a healthy diet can help you manage your weight, boost your energy levels, reduce the risk of chronic diseases, improve digestion, boost your immune system, improve your mood, and improve your skin health. Make healthy eating a part of your daily routine and enjoy the benefits of a healthier, happier you.

Improves Digestion

Eating a healthy diet can improve digestion and prevent gastrointestinal problems such as constipation, bloating, and gas. 

A diet that includes fiber-rich foods such as fruits, vegetables, and whole grains can help promote regular bowel movements and keep your digestive system healthy.

milk makes bones healthy

Boosts Immune System

A healthy diet can boost your immune system and help prevent illness. 

Foods that are rich in vitamins and minerals such as vitamin C, vitamin D, zinc, and selenium can help strengthen your immune system and protect your body against infection and disease.

Here are the key nutrients that play a crucial role in supporting and boosting immunity:

Vitamins:

1. Vitamin C – Powerful antioxidant that enhances immune cell function (found in citrus fruits, bell peppers, strawberries).
2. Vitamin D – Regulates immune responses and reduces inflammation (found in sunlight, fatty fish, fortified dairy).
3. Vitamin A – Supports the integrity of the skin and mucosal barriers (found in carrots, sweet potatoes, leafy greens).
4. Vitamin E – Protects immune cells from oxidative stress (found in nuts, seeds, and spinach).
5. Vitamin B6 – Helps in white blood cell production (found in poultry, bananas, and potatoes).
6. Vitamin B12 – Supports red blood cell production and immune health (found in meat, dairy, and eggs).
   

Minerals:

7. Zinc – Essential for immune cell function and wound healing (found in meat, nuts, seeds, and legumes).
8. Iron – Helps transport oxygen in the blood, aiding immune function (found in red meat, spinach, and lentils).
9. Selenium – Protects cells from oxidative damage and boosts immunity (found in Brazil nuts, fish, and eggs).
10. Magnesium – Regulates immune responses and reduces inflammation (found in nuts, seeds, and whole grains).

Other Essential Nutrients:

11. Protein – Provides amino acids needed for immune cell production (found in lean meats, legumes, and dairy).
12. Omega-3 Fatty Acids – Reduce inflammation and support immune responses (found in fatty fish, flaxseeds, and walnuts).
13. Probiotics & Prebiotics – Maintain gut health, which is essential for immunity (found in yogurt, fermented foods, and fiber-rich foods).

Improves Mood

Eating a healthy diet can improve your mood and mental health. Foods that are rich in omega-3 fatty acids, such as salmon and walnuts, can help reduce inflammation in the body and improve brain function, which can have a positive impact on your mood.

Improves Skin Health

Eating a healthy diet can improve your skin health and give you a glowing complexion. 

Foods that are rich in antioxidants such as berries, leafy greens, and dark chocolate can help protect your skin against damage from free radicals and UV radiation.

Food has been used as medicine for several centuries and sometimes the foods can be applied from outside on the skin directly as medicine for better skin and for beautiful skin.

Here is a list of foods that are proven to enhance skin health :

Foods That Enhance Skin Health

1. Berries (Blueberries, Strawberries, Raspberries)
2. Dark Chocolate (70%+ Cocoa)
3. Green Tea
4. Tomatoes
5. Cucumber
6. Watermelon
7. Bone Broth
8. Aloe Vera
9. Coconut Water
10. Avocados
11. Fatty Fish (Salmon, Mackerel, Sardines)
    
12. Nuts & Seeds (Almonds, Walnuts, Chia, Flaxseeds)
13. Olive Oil
14. Carrots
15. Sweet Potatoes
16. Papaya
17. Pineapple
18. Turmeric
19. Spinach
20. Kale
21. Yogurt
22. Kefir
23. Fermented Foods (Kimchi, Sauerkraut, Miso)
24. Lemon Water
25. Beets

Enhances Physical Performance

Healthy diet had How a Healthy Diet Enhances Physical Performance

• Provides Sustained Energy – Carbohydrates from whole grains, fruits, and vegetables fuel workouts and endurance.
• Supports Muscle Growth & Repair – Protein from lean meats, legumes, and dairy aids in muscle recovery and strength.
• Reduces Inflammation – Healthy fats from nuts, seeds, and fish promote joint health and reduce muscle soreness.
• Enhances Hydration & Stamina – Water and electrolytes prevent dehydration and improve endurance.
• Boosts Oxygen Transport – Iron-rich foods like spinach and red meat improve oxygen delivery to muscles.
• Supports Muscle Function – Calcium, magnesium, and potassium help with muscle contractions and prevent cramps.
• Improves Recovery Time – Antioxidant-rich foods like berries and green tea speed up post-exercise recovery.
• Maintains Focus & Mental Clarity – Omega-3 fatty acids and B vitamins support brain function and reaction time.
• Regulates Hormones & Metabolism – Essential nutrients keep metabolism efficient and hormones balanced.
• Enhances Overall Physical Resilience – A well-balanced diet strengthens the body against fatigue and injuries.

Healthy Diet Increases Longevity

How a Healthy Diet Increases Longevity?

• Reduces Risk of Chronic Diseases – A nutrient-rich diet lowers the chances of heart disease, diabetes, and cancer.
• Supports Heart Health – Healthy fats, fiber, and antioxidants keep blood pressure and cholesterol in check.
• Prevents Inflammation & Oxidative Stress – Antioxidant-rich foods like berries and leafy greens fight cell damage.
• Maintains a Healthy Weight – Balanced nutrition helps prevent obesity, a major risk factor for premature aging.
• Boosts Immune Function – Vitamins and minerals strengthen the immune system, reducing infections and illnesses.
• Supports Brain Health – Omega-3 fatty acids, B vitamins, and antioxidants protect against cognitive decline.
• Promotes Gut Health – Probiotic and fiber-rich foods support digestion and a healthy gut microbiome.
• Enhances Cellular Repair & Regeneration – Nutrients like protein and amino acids aid in tissue repair.
• Balances Blood Sugar Levels – Whole foods prevent insulin resistance and reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes.
• Improves Mental Well-being – A diet rich in healthy nutrients reduces stress, anxiety, and depression, contributing to a longer, healthier life.

Supports Better Sleep Quality

Good food has always been connected with better sleep quality and better sleep with overall better health.

Good and healthy food is necessary for production of good hormones like dopamine and serotonin.

Some researchers have connected it with Oxytocin, also called happy hormone.

How to lose weight and how to gain weight?

Though eating less may lead to weight loss, but doing that without plan and not making calorie deficit rather starving can actually be unhealthy.

For losing weight if you’re overweight, please conult your physician and dietician and make a calorie deficit diet. 

Stick with your diet regularly and keep doing calorie burning exercises.

This is the ultimate and safest way of losing weight.

Losing weight is not a overnight job but takes long time, consistency and patience. 

If you keep focus on your goal with time you’ll surely lose weight and be the fit you want.

Losing weight too fast has its own side effects and complications.

Make sure youre under supervisison of your physicaian and dietician, and sticking to the healthy plan they have specifically made for you.

Conclusion

A healthy diet is essential for overall well-being and longevity. 

Introduction: Snakebite first aid in nepali

Snake bite is a common cause of hospital and emergeny visit as well as hospital admission worldwide. It is stimated to kill 20000- 90000 people annually worldwide. In Nepal also it is common and wide spread issues taking life of many, especially in Terai region especially during summer.

What to do if a snake bites?

The venomous snakes include Viperids (rattle, gaboon viper) and elapids (cobra, taipans). The snakes of family Colubridae are mostly nonvenomous while some are venomous. Even with a bite of poisonous snake as more as 30% of them can be dry bite without envenomation. 

How do snakes produce venom and how does snake venom work?

The venom is produced in paired glands that lie below the eyes. The snakes have hollow fangs through which the venom is delivered when biting. 

The snakes venom is mixture of various substances protein and nonprotein which together act as antgen and enzymes to cause all the symptoms related to snake bite. 

What are the symptoms of snakebite?

The symptoms of nonpoisonous snakebite are most of the times limited to local effects which later may progress to systemc if not treated well. But symptoms of poisonous snakebite may progress rapidly and may cause unconsciousness within hours then death. The symptoms include:

• Typical bite mark is seen: (see picture)
• Pain in the bite mark area associated with redness and swelling
• Bleeding
• Blistering around the bite mark
• Disturbed vision
• Feeling of weakness
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Difficulty breathing and may lead to respiratory arrest soon
• Increased or decreased pulse rate or heart rate
• Decreased blood pressure
• Diminished consciousnesss and thinking ability
• Bad taste in mouth like metallic or nonedible things like taste
• Increased secretions like salivations, sweating, tearing, watery stool,
  urination
• Decreased sensations, numbness and tingling
• Muscle twitching, lost control, involuntary motions
• Seizure
• Bleeding from mucosa, mouth, nails, and bruises
• Hematoma formation, ecchymoses
• types of bite: Venomous and nonvenomous  

What to do if I see a person with snakebite or  I accidentally get bitten by a snake?

If there is snake get to a safer area away from reach of the snake. and
then do the following:

1. Ask for help: Call an emergency service near you, call someone around you for healp. Emergency service in Nepal includes number 100 for police and 102 for Nepal ambulance service. 
2. If you’re in safe place and can see the snake take a picture of it if possible. This helps identification of snake and tell if its poisonous or not as well as to choose the Anti-snake venom.
3. Lay down in a nuetral position in plane surface. Do not try to walk or run if its not necessary. 
4. Remove the rings or tight clothings if possible before swelling or blisters start.
5. If soap and water is available wash teh bite wound with it.
6. Cover the skin with clothing. Note down the time of bite if possible. 
7. Keep calm and wait for the help to arrive. Most of the snakebites are nonpoisonous. 

What  should you never do in case of snakebite?

1. Try to pick the snake or try to kill it or trap it.
2. Do not wait to get help. Do it immidiately and tell your exact loaction asap.
3. Do not apply torniquet of any sort.
4. Do not cut, bite, suck or slash the cut part.
5. Do not apply ice, heat on bite.
6. Do not immerse in water, hot or cold, any other liquid. Do not apply any other thing like soil or herbal medicine.
7. Do not drink alcohol or any other drugs right away.
8. Do not take painkillers (NSAIDs) , they may increase chance of bleeding and hence death.
9. Do not self so anything except mentoned above.

Snakebite management for Doctors and Nurses

we have explained more technically about snakebite below this. if youre interested in technical knowledge keep reading.

What are the types of poisonous snakes?

• Viperidae: Russel’s viper, Gaboon Viper
• Crotalidae: Rattle snake, pit viper, copperheads
• Elapidae: Cobras, Kraits, Mambas
• Hydrophidae: Sea snakes
• Atractaspididae: Mole vipers or false vipers

Difference between poisonous and nonpoisonous snakebites:

What are different types of snake venoms?

1. Neurotoxin: Elapidae
2. Hematotoxic: Viperidae
3. Myotoxic: Hydrophidae

How to apply splint and bandage for pressure immobilization for snake bites?

• Use a splint which can be made of various materials shown in
  picture
• Use a broad clothe preferably pressure bandage or crepe bandage
• Start application from distal to bite site and run through bite
  proximally
• Immobilize the affected area with splint in he end.
• For hands arm pouch sling can be used for immobilization
• Keep the bandage snuggly fi rot just compressing but should not
  have vascular occlusion
• Remember: Do not apply arterial torniquet. This has more harm than
  bebefit
• Immobilization and bandage + splinting prevents spread of the
  venom systemically preventing or at least delaying systemic
  poisoning.

सर्पको टोकाइबाट कसरी बच्ने (नेपालीमा)

• राती हिड्नु परे टर्च लाइट लिएर हिँड्ने,
• जुत्ता वा गम बुट लगाउने
• खुट्टा राम्ररी छोप्ने बाक्लो प्यान्ट लगाउने
• घर वरपरको घाँस, झारपात काटेर सफा राख्ने
• जमिनका दुलाहरू टाल्ने
• पराल, दाउरा आदि लिन जाँदा होसियारी अपनाउने
• सुत्नअघि ओछ्यान, खाटमुनी र वरपर राम्ररी हेर्ने,
• सधै झुल टाँगेर सुत्ने

Anti-snake venom and other bites and stings will be discussed separately. The links will he kept here. Or use our search tool for the topic of your interest. 

Thank you. 

References: Uptodate.com and other high quality medical resources and textbooks. 

If you’re reading about snake bite piercings go here.

Causes Of vertigo

Peripheral causes

• Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo
• Vest’bular neuritis
• Herpes zoster Oticus (Ramsay Hunt Syndrome)
• Meniere disease
• Labyrinthine concussion
• Perilymphatie fistula
• Semicircular canal dehiscence syndrorne
• Cogan Syndrome
• Recurrent vestibulopathy
• Acoustic neuroma
• Aminglycoside toxicity
• Otitis media

Central causes

• Vestibular migraine
• Brainstem ischemia
• Cerebellar infarction and hemorrhage
• Chiari malformation
• Multiple sclerosis
• Episodic ataxia type  2

Simple Pain Mnemonics: How to take History of Pain?

Pain History Taking: The SOCRATES Framework

Accurate pain history taking is a critical component in the assessment and diagnosis of patients presenting with discomfort. The SOCRATES framework is a systematic approach that allows healthcare professionals to gather comprehensive information about a patient’s pain experience. This method enhances diagnostic accuracy and guides effective management strategies.

What is SOCRATES? (Full form)

SOCRATES is an acronym that stands for:

1. S – Site
2. O – Onset
3. C – Character
4. R – Radiation
5. A – Associations
6. T – Time course
7. E – Exacerbating/Relieving factors
8. S – Severity

Detailed Breakdown of SOCRATES 

1. Site:

   • Ask the patient to identify the exact location of the pain. Is it localized or diffuse? For example, “Can you point to where the pain is?”

2. Onset:

   • Determine when the pain started. Was it sudden or gradual? Understanding the triggering event can provide clues about the underlying cause.

3. Character:

   • Describe the nature of the pain. Is it sharp, dull, burning, or throbbing? This can help differentiate between neuropathic and nociceptive pain.

4. Radiation:

   • Assess whether the pain spreads to other areas. For example, pain originating in the chest that radiates to the left arm may suggest cardiac involvement.

5. Associations:

   • Identify any associated symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, or shortness of breath, which can provide diagnostic insights.

6. Time Course:

   • Understand the pattern of the pain. Is it constant, intermittent, or worsening over time? This helps in determining the chronicity and potential cause.

7. Exacerbating/Relieving Factors:

   • Ask about activities or positions that make the pain better or worse. For instance, musculoskeletal pain may improve with rest, while ischemic pain worsens with exertion.

8. Severity:

   • Use a pain scale, such as the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) from 0 to 10, to assess the intensity of the pain. This allows for tracking progress and response to treatment.

Clinical Application of SOCRATES 

Using the SOCRATES framework not only ensures a thorough history but also aids in differentiating between various types of pain, such as:

• Acute vs. chronic pain
• Neuropathic vs. nociceptive pain
• Visceral vs. somatic pain

Conclusion

Incorporating the SOCRATES framework into clinical practice enhances patient communication, improves diagnostic accuracy, and facilitates tailored treatment strategies. It is an invaluable tool for both novice and experienced healthcare professionals in managing pain effectively.

Key Health Policies and Acts in Nepal:

1. Second Long-Term Health Plan (1997-2017)

2. New National Health Policy (2071 BS)

3. Nepal Health Service Act (2053 BS)

   • Regulation (2055 BS)
   • 1st Amendment (2055 BS)
   • 2nd Amendment (2058 BS)
   • 3rd Amendment (2063 BS)
   • 4th Amendment (2069BS)

4. Nepal Health Professional Council Act (2053 BS)

   • Regulation (2056 BS)

5. Nepal Medical Council Act (2020 BS)

   • Regulation (2024 BS)

6. Nepal Nursing Council Act (2052 BS)

7. Nepal Health Research Council Act (2047 BS)

8. Infectious Disease Act (2020 BS)

9. Drugs Act (2035 BS)

10. Mother’s Milk Substitute Act (2049 BS)

11. Human Organ Transplant Act (2055 BS)

12. Safe Abortion Service Process (2060 BS)

13. B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences (BPKIHS) Act (2049 BS)

14. National Academy for Medical Sciences (NAMS) Act (2063 BS)

15. Patan Academy of Health Sciences (PAHS) Act (2064 BS)

Indications for H. pylori testing and treatment (short list)

Orderly remember heart valves with mnemonics 

Pediatric Pneumonia Danger Signs (Mnemonics)

1. 

   
   How many bones are there in human vertebra?

   • 25

   • 64

   • 33

   • 80

2. Which of the following chamber of heart pumps oxygenated blood towards the aorta?

   • Right atrium

   • Right ventricle

   • Left atrium

   • Left ventricle

3. The normal WBC count is……..

   • 4000-11000

   • 400000-900000

   • 150000-400000

   • 4.5-6.5 *10^6

4. The process of blood cells formation is called……..

   • Thrombocytosis

   • Leucocytosis

   • Erythropoiesis

   • Hemolysis

5. The normal intake of water per day is………

   • 1000ml

   • 2000ml

   • 1500ml

   • 2500ml

6. Which type of drug is mebendazole?

   • Antifungal

   • Antihelminitic

   • Antibactericidal

   • Antiviral

7. The safest route for injection is……..

   • Intravenous

   • Intraperitoneal

   • Intrapleural

   • Intracardinal

8. What is the pressure of vitreous humor in eyes?

   • 5-10 mm of Hg

   • 15-20 mm of Hg

   • 10-15 mm of Hg

   • 20-25 mm of Hg

9. The most important electrolyte of intracellular fluid is…….

   • Sodium

   • Calcium

   • Potassium

   • Chloride

10. The beta cell of islets of Langerhans secretes………hormone.

    • Glucagon

    • Glycogen

    • Insulin

    • Amylase

11. A patient is scheduled for a urinary catheterization, in which position should the nurse place the patient…….

    • Dorsal recumbent position

    • Supine position

    • Trendelenburg position

    • Prone position

12. Tachycardia means pulse rate……….

    • Below 60

    • Above 100

    • Below 100

    • Above 60

13. A patient is scheduled for NG feeding. In which position should the nurse place the patient……..

    • Low Fowler’s position

    • Trendelenburg

    • Supine position

    • Side lying position

14. The fastest route to give medicine is………

    • IV (intravenous)

    • ID (intradermal)

    • IM (intramuscular)

    • SC (subcutaneous)

15. Nosocomial infection is the infection acquired by………

    • Infected person

    • Community

    • Hospital

    • None of the above

16. Nepal Nursing Council was established in……

    • 193 BS

    • 2053 BS

    • 1954 BS

    • 2054 BS

17. A nurse administers an intravenous solution of 0.45 sodium chloride. With respect to human blood cell, to which category of fluid does this solution belong?

    • Isotonic

    • Hypotonic

    • Isometric

    • Hypertonic

18. A patient is to have gastric gavage. In which position should the nurse place the client when the gavage tube is being inserted…………

    • Supine position

    • High-Fowler’s position

    • Mid-Fowler’s position

    • Trendelenburg position

19. Which electrolyte of intracellular fluid is the most important?

    • Sodium chloride

    • Chloride

    • Calcium

    • Potassium

20. Sterile urine specimen is collected from…………

    • From clean bedpan or urinal

    • The first small amount of urine voided

    • Urine voided at midstream

    • All of the above

21. A patient is having dyspnea. To facilitate respiration, the nurse would….

    • Remove pillow from under the head

    • Elevate the head of the body

    • Elevate the foot of the body

    • Take the blood pressure

22. A patient has an abnormal, unexpected response to a drug this is defined as…….

    • Drug tolerance

    • A cumulative effect

    • Idiosyncratic effect

    • Anaphylactic

23. You are to administer a medication using a nasogastric tube. Before giving medicine, you should…….

    • Crush the enteric coated pill for mixing in a liquid

    • Flush open the tube with 60ml of very warm water

    • Check for proper placement of NG tube

    • Take the patient’s vital sign

24. Vitamin K, 10mg given IM, is ordered vitamin K is available as 5mg/ml. how much would the nurse administers?

    • 1 ml

    • 2 ml

    • 3 ml

    • 4 ml

25. While administering a blood transfusion, when would the nurse assess the patient for a blood transfusion reaction?

    • Every 15 minutes after the infusion is started

    • After the blood is all infused

    • Every hour

    • Every 15 minutes

26. When assessing a patient at risk for pressure ulcer formation, which site would the nurse identify as being most common?

    • Occipital area

    • Sacrum

    • Sternum

    • Humerus

27. A patient is receiving 100ml of IV fluid per 24 hours. Using an IV set with drop rate of 15 drops/ml the nurse should plan to regulate the IV is………

    • 10 drops/min

    • 15 drops/min

    • 20 drops/min

    • 30 drops/min

28. The identification of client’s health needs occurs in nursing process step of………..

    • Planning

    • Evaluation

    • Assessment

    • Implementation

29. Oxygen, Food and water are which of the following need according to Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs……

    • Physiological needs

    • Safety and security need

    • Love and belonging

    • Self esteem

30. When you find a person lying on the ground with a cardiopulmonary arrest, what will be the immediate action to be taken?

    • Assess responsiveness

    • Assess the airway

    • Assess circulation

    • Assess breathing

31. ICN (International Council of Nurses) was established in………

    • 1899 A.D

    • 1888 A.D

    • 1898 A.D

    • 1889 A.D

32. NLEN (National Licensure Examination for Nurses) is conducted by………

    • NNC

    • ICN

    • NAN

    • INC

33. If heat is transferred from one object to another by direct contact, it is……

    • Convection

    • Conduction

    • Evaporation

    • Radiation

34. When the elevated temperature fluctuates wildly but does not reach normal levels between fluctuation is called………

    • Constant fever

    • Remittent fever

    • Intermittent fever

    • Relapsing fever

35. Type of abnormal breathing which is the combination of hyperpnea and apnea………

    • Dyspnea

    • Orthopnea

    • Cheyne-Stokes breathing

    • Asphyxia

36. A client has temperature 104⁰F. This temperature is equal to……………

    • 38⁰C

    • 40⁰C

    • 41⁰C

    • 42⁰C

37. A patient is receiving blood transfusion, if an allergic reaction to the blood develops on patient, the nurse’s first intervention should be…….

    • Call the physician

    • Stop the blood immediately

    • Slow the flow rate of blood

    • Administer anti-allergic drug

38. Which is the unfavorable factor affecting wound healing?

    • Young age

    • Hemorrhage

    • Intake of protein, calcium, vitamin C

    • Blood supply to the injured part

39. For safe administration of drugs, the nurse should follow right …

    • 4 rights

    • 5 rights

    • 6 rights

    • 10 rights

40. For safe administration of drugs, the nurse should follow right …

    • Gluteus medius

    • Deltoid muscle

    • Gluteus minimus

    • Vastus lateralis

41. The process which makes inanimate objects safer to be handled by health personnel before cleaning is………….

    • Sterilization

    • High level disinfection

    • Decontamination

    • Cleaning

42. Recommended temperature, time pressure for autoclaving (steam under pressure)

    • 120⁰C (250⁰F), at 106kpa (15 Ibs/in 2) for 30 minutes

    • 110⁰C at 106 kpa (15 Ibs/in 2) for 30 minutes

    • 100⁰C at 106 kpa (15 Ibs/in 2) for 30 minutes

    • 90⁰C 106 kpa (15 Ibs/in 2) for 30 minutes

43. If nurse is administering a cleansing enema to a client enema to a client with a fecal impaction. Before administering the enema the nurse places the client in which position?

    • Left Sims position

    • Right Sims position

    • On the left side of the body, with the head of the bed elevated at 45 degree

    • None

44. Who will be third line manager for you at PHC?

    • Self

    • Medical superintendent

    • Medical officer

    • Chief of T/OH

45. A nurse is preparing to insert a nasogastric tube in an adult client. To determine the measurements of the length of the tube to be inserted, the nurse should………..

    • Mark the tube at 10 inches

    • Mark the tube at 32 inches

    • Place the tube at the tip of the nose and measures by extending the tube to the earlobe and then down to the xiphoid process

    • Place the tube at the tip of the nose and measure by extending the tube earlobe and then down to the sternum

46. Physician prescribed a hypotonic solution (IV) for a client. Which of the following IV solutions would the nurse except to prescribe………

    • 5% dextrose in water

    • 0.45% sodium chloride

    • 10% dextrose in water

    • 0.9% sodium chloride

47. The nurse has obtained a unit of blood from the blood bank and has checked the blood bag properly with another nurse. Just before beginning the transfusion, the nurse assess which of the following items?

    • Vital sign

    • Skin color

    • Urine output

    • Latest hematocrit level

48. Best type of solution to use for the irrigation of urinary catheter…

    • Distilled water

    • Normal saline

    • Tap water

    • Warm water

    • 

49. The most important way to prevent the spread of infection is………….

    • Wearing gloves

    • Hand washing

    • Wearing mask

    • Wearing coat

50. Which instrument is used to test the client’s hearing?

    • Stethoscope

    • Tuning fork

    • Otoscope

    • Reflex hammers

51. When is international nurse’s day celebrated?

    • 12th May

    • 12th March

    • 2nd May

    • 31st July

52. A nurse is preparing a preoperative client for transfer to the operating room. The nurse should take which action in the care of this client at this time?

    • Ensure that the client has voided

    • Administer all the daily medications

    • Practice postoperative breathing exercises

    • Verify that the client has not eaten for the last 24 hours

53. The nurse is performing an abdominal assessment the nurse performs which assessment at first…..

    • Auscultation

    • Inspection

    • Palpation

    • Percussion

54. While giving an intradermal injection the needle should be held at ……

    • 15⁰

    • 45⁰

    • 30⁰

    • 90⁰

55. Appropriate temperature of solution prepared for sitz-bath should be………

    • 105-110⁰ F

    • 100-105⁰F

    • 110-115⁰F

    • 115-120⁰F

56. The nurse determines that a client is having a transfusion reaction. After the nurse stops the transfusion, which action should immediately be taken next………

    • Remove IV line

    • Run normal saline at a keep vein open rate

    • Run a solution of 5% dextrose in water

    • Obtain a culture of the tip of catheter device removed from the client

57. When suctioning an unconscious client, which nursing intervention should the nurse prioritize in maintaining cerebral perfusion….

    • Administer diuretics

    • Administer analgesics

    • Provide hygiene

    • Hyper oxygenate before

58. Savlon is……..

    • Cetrimide

    • Chlorhexidine

    • Chloroxylenol

    • A and B

59. Scald is a burn caused by……….

    • Dry heat

    • Radiation

    • Moist heat

    • Friction

    • 

60. When you perform CPR on an unresponsive adult, you should correctly assess the pulse of which location?

    • Over the radial artery

    • Over the carotid artery

    • Over the brachial artery

    • Over the temporal artery

61. Which of the following would the nurse use as the most reliable indicator of a patient’s fluid balance status?

    • Intake and output

    • Skin turgor

    • Complete blood count

    • Daily weight

62. Health policy formation in Nepal since……

    • 1991 AD

    • 1998 AD

    • 1995 AD

    • 1999 AD

63. Trachoma is a disease of………….

    • Eye lid

    • Cornea

    • Conjunctiva

    • Lachrymal gland

64. Koplik’s spot is the clinical feature of……….

    • Measles

    • Tuberculosis

    • Chicken pox

    • Leprosy

65. BCG vaccine is against………..

    • Measles

    • Diphtheria

    • Tuberculosis

    • Whooping cough

66. DOTS stand for………….

    • Directly observed treatment short course

    • Direct observed treatment short course

    • Direct observed treatment system

    • Directly observed treatment system

67. The vector for malaria is………….

    • Plasmodium vivax

    • Plasmodium falciparum

    • Plasmodium malaria

    • Female anopheles mosquito

68. HIV/AIDS is caused by a………….

    • Retro virus

    • Rhabdo virus

    • Rota virus

    • Pox virus

69. Which of the following is waterborne disease?

    • Meningitis

    • Typhoid

    • Hepatitis A

    • Malaria

70. Kala-azar is caused by…………vector

    • Malaria

    • Sand fly

    • Housefly

    • Bee

71. Syphilis is caused by………….

    • Salmonella Typhi

    • Neisseria gonorrhea

    • Treponema pallidum

    • Streptococcus

72. What type of vaccination is given against measles?

    • Live attenuated

    • Killed

    • Toxoid

    • Inactive

73. Which of the following is principle of primary health care?

    • Health education

    • Dental health

    • Mental health

    • Community participation

74. Oral contraceptives act by……………

    • Preventing ovulation

    • Making endometrial non-reactive to embryo

    • Making inactive to sperm

    • Inhibiting sperm penetration to the ovum

75. The ages of child to receive DPT vaccine are………….

    • 6 week, 10 week, 14 week

    • 6 week, 7 week, 8 week

    • 6 week, 7 week, 8 week

    • 1 week, 2 week, 3 week

76. When was the ALMA Ata conference held?

    • 1972

    • 1988

    • 1978

    • 1990

77. Which of the following comes under STDs disease?

    • HIV/AIDS

    • Typhoid

    • Diarrhea

    • Leprosy

78. When oral contraceptives are prescribed for a patient, the nurse should teach the client about the potential of developing……….

    • Cervicitis

    • Fibrocystic disease

    • Ovarian cyst

    • Break through bleeding

79. Which of the following are not the 6 killer diseases?

    • ARI

    • Diarrhea

    • Measles

    • Meningitis

80. When emergency contraceptive should be taken after the unprotected sexual intercourse?

    • Within 24 hrs

    • Within 48 hrs

    • Within 36 hrs

    • Within 72 hrs

81. What is the best method of solid waste disposal?

    • Composting

    • Incineration

    • Dumping

    • Burial

82. Which of the following permanent family planning method requires contraceptives at least for 20 ejaculation surgery?

    • Vasectomy

    • Laparoscopy

    • Minilap

    • Norplant

83. The comprehensive assessment of the health status of an entire community is called……….

    • Community diagnosis

    • Micro-teaching

    • Home visit

    • Health education

84. Which type of approach is used in home visit?

    • Individual approach

    • Group approach

    • Mass approach

    • Media approach

85. Which of following contraceptives is excluded in the outreach clinic?

    • Oral pills

    • ORS packet

    • Condom

    • Norplant

86. The cases occurs irregular haphazardly form time to time and generally infrequently is…………

    • Epidemic

    • Sporadic

    • Pandemic

    • None