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Top 5 Multiple-choice questions (MCQs) on obstetrics You Must Know Now

Here are 5 multiple-choice questions (MCQs) on obstetrics for midwives and nursing students.

1. Which hormone is primarily responsible for the initiation of uterine contractions during labor?

   A) Estrogen

   B) Progesterone

   C) Oxytocin

   D) Prolactin

2. What is the normal duration of a full-term pregnancy?

   A) 36 weeks

   B) 38 weeks

   C) 40 weeks

   D) 42 weeks

3. Which presentation refers to a baby positioned with the buttocks or feet entering the birth canal first?

   A) Vertex presentation

   B) Breech presentation

   C) Face presentation

   D) Transverse presentation

4. Which stage of labor involves the actual birth of the baby and typically lasts from the time of complete cervical dilation to birth?

   A) First stage

   B) Second stage

   C) Third stage

   D) Fourth stage

5. What is the purpose of the Apgar score assessment conducted immediately after birth?

   A) To determine the baby’s weight

   B) To assess the mother’s condition after delivery

   C) To evaluate the baby’s physical condition and overall well-being

   D) To calculate the duration of labor

Answer-Top 5 MCQs on Obstetrics

Answer-Top 5 MCQs on Obstetrics You Must Know Today

Here are the answers along with explanations and additional points for each question:

Questions on Obstetrics are here in this link.

Table of Contents (toc)




1. Answer: 

C) Oxytocin

   Explanation: 

  • Oxytocin is the hormone responsible for stimulating uterine contractions during labor.
  • Produced by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary gland, oxytocin plays a crucial role in initiating and regulating the rhythmic contractions of the uterus. 
  • These contractions are essential for the progression of labor and the eventual birth of the baby. 
  • Oxytocin also plays a significant role in promoting bonding between the mother and her baby, as it is released during breastfeeding and skin-to-skin contact.

Continue reading Answer-Top 5 MCQs on Obstetrics

Congenital Heart Diseases

Congenital Heart Disease: A brief summary

Introduction

  • Congenital heart disease is the structural malformation of the heart, or great vessels, present at birth.
  • Major cause of death in the first year of life.
  • Common type of heart anomalies are ventricular septal defect, pulmonary valve atresia/stenosis, tricuspid atresia, artrial septal defects, transposition of great artery, tetralogy of fallot etc.

Concept

  • Incidence in children 6-8/1000 live birth
  • About 2/3 of these manifests in neonatal period.
  • Manifested in newborn period are severe.
  • 1/3 dies in neonatal period, especially during the first week of life.

General scenario

  • CHD is the most frequently occurring congenital disorder, responsible for 28% of all congenital birth defects.

  • The birth prevalence of CHD is reported to be 8-12/1000 live birth.

  • Children with CHD are also more likely to have extra-cardiac defects such as tracheoesophageal fistula, renal agenesis and diaphragmatic hernia.

Etiology of CHD

  • 85 to 90 % of cases, unknown
  • Heredity and consanguineous marriage most important etiology

Maternal Factors:

  • Anti-seizure medications Eg:- benzodiazepines and lithium
  • Drug abuse:- cocaine. Alcohol, thalidamide
  • Maternal phenylketonuria
  • uncontrolled IDDM: high levels of the hormone insulin
  • rubella – 1st trimester of pregnancy/ first 8 to 10 weeks of pregnancy
  • Exposure to radiation during first trimester
  • Chromosome diorder:

5 to 8 % of all babies with CHD have a chromosomal abnormality

  • Down syndrome,
  • Trisomy 18(Edwards syndrome)
  • Trisomy 13(Patau syndrome)
  • Turner’s syndrome
  • Cri-du-chat syndrome (a piece of chromsome 5 is missing which is characterized by intellectual disability and delayed development, small head, low birth weight and weak muscle tone in infant

Fetal Factors:- 

  • Birth asphyxia (Reduced myocontractility), fetal hypoxia

Fetal circulation: Before birth

  1. Blood flows from the placenta
  2. IVC
  3. RA
  4. Through the FO
  5. LA
  6. LV
  7. Ascending aorta
  8. Head & upper extremities
  9. Returns via the SVC

Types if Congenital Heart diseases

Acynotic

  1. Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
  2. Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)
  3. Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)
  4. Coarction of aorta
  5. Aortic stenosis
  6. Pulmonic stenosis

Cynotic

Decrease pulmonry blood flow

  1. Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)
  2. Tricuspid Atresia

Mixed

  1. Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA)
  2. Truncus Arteriosus (TA)

Congenital Heart Defects

• Acyanotic

  • • Pink Baby (L à R shunt)
  • • cause CHF and pulmonary hypertension.
  • • S/S:- RV enlargement, RV failure, respiratory distress.

They are not typically cyanotic

 
Examples:
  • Ø Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
  • Ø Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)
  • Ø Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)
  • Ø Coarctation of aorta

Cyanotic

  • Blue Baby (R à L shunt)
  • Cause hypoxia and central cyanosis.

• S/S:- Cynosis

• Unoxygenated blood circulates in arteries Ú cyanosis
Examples:

  • Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)
  • Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA)
  • Truncus Arteriosus (TA)
  • Tricuspid Atresia

Eye Flu Treatment Top 7 Tips नेपालीमा

Eye Flu Home Treatment – Prevention of Pink Eye?

Table of Contents (toc)


यसलाई नेपालीमा पढ्न पेजको अन्त्यसम्म स्क्रोल गर्नुहोस।


Introduction

Eye flu or conjunctivitis is a conjunctival inflammation characterized by
hyperemia associated with discharge that may be watery, mucoid, mucopurulent
or purulent.

Read more on Eye Flu here. 

Prevention of eye flu or pink eye:

Conjunctivitis, also known as pink eye, is a common eye condition that can
cause irritation, redness, and discomfort; in rare cases loss of vision and
permanent blindness as well.
Here are seven tips to help prevent conjunctivitis:

1. Practice Good Hygiene:

Wash your hands regularly with soap and water, especially after touching
your face, eyes, or any potentially contaminated surfaces. Avoid touching
your eyes with unwashed hands, as this can introduce harmful bacteria or
viruses.

2. Avoid Sharing Personal Items:

   Do not share items like towels, pillowcases, cosmetics, and
contact lenses with others, as these can harbor bacteria or viruses that
might lead to conjunctivitis.

3. Practice Contact Lens Hygiene:

   If you wear contact lenses, follow proper hygiene guidelines.
Wash your hands before handling lenses, disinfect them regularly, and
replace them as recommended by your eye care professional. Avoid wearing
lenses while your eyes are irritated or infected.

4. Protect Your Eyes:

   When swimming in pools or using hot tubs, wear goggles to
prevent exposure to potentially harmful bacteria and chemicals that could
cause conjunctivitis.
You can also wash and clean yoou eyes with clean water around two to three
times a day. But remember overwashing or frequent washing is not that good
either. 

Over the counter artificial tears (Carboxymethylcellose drops) as
needed or every two to three hours to help with irritation and
difficulty

5. Avoid Close Contact with Infected Individuals:

   If someone around you has conjunctivitis, avoid close contact,
such as touching or hugging, to reduce the risk of transmitting the
infection.

6. Maintain Clean Surroundings:

   Regularly clean and disinfect commonly touched surfaces, such
as doorknobs, countertops, and electronic devices, to minimize the spread of
germs that could cause conjunctivitis.

7. Stay Away from Irritants:

Protect your eyes from irritants like smoke, dust, and allergens, which can
exacerbate or trigger conjunctivitis. Consider using air purifiers and
keeping windows closed during high pollen seasons.
These tips can help reduce the risk of conjunctivitis, it’s not always
possible to prevent it entirely.
If you experience symptoms like redness, itching, discharge, or blurred
vision, consult a healthcare professional or an eye doctor for proper
diagnosis and treatment.

Bonus Tip:

You can use over the counter artificial tears (Carboxymethylcellose drops)
as needed or every two to three hours to help with irritation and
difficulty. 
Treatment of EYE FLU
is discussed in this link .

आँखाको फ्लू वा पिंक आँखाको रोकथाम:

कन्जक्टिभाइटिस, जसलाई पिंकआँखा पनि भनिन्छ, आँखाको सामान्य रोग हो जसले
पोल्ने, रातोपन र गाह्रो गर्न सक्छ; कुनै विरल अवस्थामा दृष्टि गुम्ने र स्थायी
अन्धोपन पनि गराऊन सक्छ।
कन्जन्क्टिवाइटिस रोक्न मद्दत गर्ने सात सुझावहरू:

1. राम्रो सरसफाइ गर्नुहोस्:

आफ्नो हात नियमित रूपमा साबुन र पानीले धुनुहोस्, विशेष गरी आफ्नो अनुहार,
आँखा, वा कुनै पनि सम्भावित दूषित सतहहरू छोएपछि हात सफा गर्नुहोस। नधोइएकन
हातले आँखा नछुनुहोस्, किनकि यसले हानिकारक ब्याक्टेरिया वा भाइरसहरू
आखासम्म  पुर्याउन सक्छ।

2. अर्काको व्यक्तिगत वस्तुहरू प्नयोग नगर्नुहोस्:

    तौलिया, तकिया, सौन्दर्य सामाग्रि, र कन्ट्याक्ट लेन्स जस्ता
वस्तुहरू अरूसँग बाड्ने, साट्ने नगर्नुहोस्, किनकि यसले ब्याक्टेरिया वा
भाइरसहरूलाई सार्न सक्छ जसले कन्जक्टिभाइटिस रोग निम्त्याउन सक्छ।

३. कन्ट्याक्ट लेन्स हाइजिन अभ्यास गर्नुहोस्:

    यदि तपाइँ कन्ट्याक्ट लेन्स लगाउनुहुन्छ भने, उचित
सफाइदिशानिर्देशहरू पालना गर्नुहोस्। लेन्सहरू ह्यान्डल गर्नु अघि आफ्नो हातहरू
धुनुहोस्, तिनीहरूलाई नियमित रूपमा कीटाणुरहित गर्नुहोस्, र तपाईंको आँखा
हेरचाह चिकित्सकले वा व्यवसायीले सिफारिस गरे अनुसार तिनीहरूलाई प्रतिस्थापन
गर्ने गर्नुहोस्।
तपाईंको आँखा जलिरहेको वा संक्रमित हुँदा लेन्स नलगाउनुहोस्।

४. आफ्नो आँखाको सुरक्षा गर्नुहोस्:

    पोखरीमा पौडी खेल्दा वा हट टबहरू प्रयोग गर्दा, सम्भावित
हानिकारक ब्याक्टेरिया र रसायनहरू जो कन्जन्क्टिवाइटिस निम्त्याउन सक्छ त्यसलाई
रोक्न गगल- चश्मा लगाउनुहोस्।
तपाईं दिनको दुई वा तीन पटक सफा पानीले आफ्नो आँखा धुनुहोस् र सफा गर्न
सक्नुहुन्छ। तर याद गर्नुहोस् कि धेरै पटक धुनु वा बारम्बार धुनु पनि राम्रो
हैन।

5. संक्रमित व्यक्तिहरूसँग नजिकको सम्पर्कबाट टाढा रहनुहोस्:

    यदि तपाईंको वरपर कसैलाई नेत्रश्लेष्म रोग लागेको छ भने, संक्रमण
सर्ने जोखिमलाई कम गर्नको लागि नजिकको सम्पर्कबाट टाढा रहनुहोस्, जस्तै छुने वा
अँगालो हाल्ने।

6. वरपर सफा राख्नुहोस्:

   ढोका , काउन्टरटपहरू र इलेक्ट्रोनिक उपकरणहरू जस्ता सामान्य रूपमा
छोइएका सतहहरू नियमित रूपमा सफा र कीटाणुरहित बनाऊनुहोस, जसले कन्जन्क्टिवाइटिस
निम्त्याउन सक्छ।

७. धुलो-धुवाँबाट टाढा रहनुहोस्:

तपाईंको आँखालाई धुवाँ, धुलो र एलर्जीहरूबाट जोगाउनुहोस्, जसले
कन्जन्क्टिवाइटिसलाई बढावा दिन वा ट्रिगर गर्न सक्छ। हावा प्युरिफायरहरू प्रयोग
गर्ने र फुल फुल्ने मौसमहरूमा झ्यालहरू बन्द राख्नुहोस्।

बोनस टिप

दुखाइ-इरिटेसन र अफ्ठेरो कम गर्न आर्टिफिसियल टियर प्रयोग गर्न सकिन्छ। 
केहि प्रश्न भए हामीलाई सोध्नुहोस।

Red Eye Disease in Nepal 2080

आँखा रातो किन हुन्छ? आँखा रातो हुनु का कारण हरु!

Topics Covered in Red Eye in Nepal

  • Aakha rato hune samasya bata kasari bachne
  • Conjunctivitis treatment in nepali
  • Aakha pakne ko upachar
  • Aakha rato vayema k garne
  • Aakha rato kina huncha
  • Conjunctivitis in nepali

  1. Aakha rato hune samasya bata kasari bachne आखा रातो हुने समस्या बाट कसरि बच्ने 

User Manual: Web Based Online Classified: Scholarship Entrance Form fillup CTEVT 

Submissions [Diploma/PCL and Pre-Diploma (TSLC)]

 (Classified Scholarship Entrance Application Form Online Data Entry for
Student)

Please check the PDF below: 

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Hrthw_dd8dvEasaFf00qViqEmny4dwx4/preview

Import points regarding How to fill up CTEVT form:

  1. Open Google Chrome Browser
  2. Type Address Bar on
    www.ctevtexam.org.np
  3. Click on Scholarship Online (Classified) System and Select Application
    Type Then Click New User
  4. Pre-Payment Details Page then Fill-up all Requirements and Click Proceed
    to Payment
  5. Please Select Payment Method
    • Pay Now (Connect IPS or Khalti Pay)
    • Already Paid (Khalti Pay)
  6. then Enter Payment Details and Click Proceed
  7. Create New Password then Click Change Password
    • (for Existing User to Next Time Logging Your Mobile No. and Password)
  8. Fill up all Requirement then Click on Continue
  9. Select Quota and Upload Required Document Then Click on Continue
  10. Desired Province, Program, Exam Center and Select all Desired
    • Institute in Priority Order then Click on Continue
  11. Final Step Preview All Fill-up Contains Then Click on Print Details or
    Print Admit card
  12. If you have any queries please contact us. 

CTEVT Scholarship Entrance Notice 2080

CTEVT Special Scholarship Entrance Notice 2080 04 23

Introduction of CTEVT Special Scholarship

The Council for Technical Education and Vocational Training (CTEVT), Examination Control Office, Sanothimi, Bhaktapur, has published a notice regarding the application process for the Special Scholarship Program in Technical Education entrance examination 2080(CTEVT Special Scholarship Entrance Notice 2080 04 23 ). This program provides free study opportunities for the Dalit, Muslim, Disadvantaged, and Marginalized communities at the pre-diploma and diploma/certificate levels.
In accordance with Technical Division’s Ch.No. 159, dated 2080.04.16, and the Government of Nepal’s budget and program for the fiscal year 2080/081, this program aims to balance regional representation by providing free technical education through the special scholarship program for:
  • Pre-diploma level: 120 students from Dalit, Muslim, underprivileged, and marginalized communities
  • Diploma/Certificate level: 250 students from Dalit, Muslim, disadvantaged, and marginalized communities

Key Details CTEVT Special Scholarship:

  • Online form distribution: Shrawan 23, 2089 (August 8, 2023)
  • Last date of online form submission: Bhadra 8, 2080 (August 25, 2023)
  • Entrance Exam: Bhadra 16, 2080 (September 2, 2023), 11 AM

View official notice below for more details:

CTEVT Notice regarding scholarship Special Scholarship Entrance Notice-2080-04-23

Answers: Dermatology MCQs

 Dermatology MCQs answers NHPC

Dermatology MCQs are here

Here are the answers, explanations, and one important point about each option:

**Question 1:**

Answer: B) Psoriasis

Explanation: Psoriasis is characterized by well-demarcated, erythematous, raised plaques covered with silvery scales. It is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that commonly affects the elbows, knees, and scalp.

Important Point: Psoriasis is a chronic condition with periods of exacerbation and remission. It can be associated with joint inflammation (psoriatic arthritis).

Continue reading Answers: Dermatology MCQs

Dermatology MCQs with answers

10 high-quality multiple-choice questions (MCQs) in dermatology NHPC

**Question 1:**

Which of the following skin lesions is characterized by a well-demarcated, erythematous, raised plaque covered with silvery scales?

A) Pityriasis rosea

B) Psoriasis

C) Eczema

D) Seborrheic dermatitis

**Question 2:**

A patient presents with a pruritic rash characterized by linear burrows, small vesicles, and excoriations. Which condition is most likely?

A) Tinea corporis

B) Scabies

C) Atopic dermatitis

D) Contact dermatitis

**Question 3:**

What is the most common type of skin cancer that is often characterized by pearly papules with telangiectasias and central ulceration?

A) Basal cell carcinoma

B) Squamous cell carcinoma

C) Melanoma

D) Kaposi’s sarcoma

**Question 4:**

A patient has a painful, grouped eruption of vesicles on an erythematous base along the path of a sensory nerve. Which virus is responsible for this condition?

A) Herpes simplex virus (HSV)

B) Varicella-zoster virus (VZV)

C) Human papillomavirus (HPV)

D) Coxsackievirus

**Question 5:**

Which of the following is the first-line treatment for moderate to severe acne vulgaris?

A) Topical retinoids

B) Oral antibiotics

C) Benzoyl peroxide

D) Oral isotretinoin

**Question 6:**

A patient presents with sudden-onset hives, angioedema, and difficulty breathing. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is most likely responsible?

A) Type I (IgE-mediated)

B) Type II (cytotoxic)

C) Type III (immune complex-mediated)

D) Type IV (delayed-type)

**Question 7:**

A “herald patch” followed by multiple oval, scaly lesions arranged along skin tension lines is characteristic of which skin condition?

A) Pityriasis rosea

B) Psoriasis

C) Lichen planus

D) Tinea versicolor

**Question 8:**

Which of the following is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by depigmented macules and patches on the skin due to loss of melanocytes?

A) Vitiligo

B) Albinism

C) Melasma

D) Tinea versicolor

**Question 9:**

A patient presents with a rapidly evolving, irregularly shaped, multicolored macule with an asymmetric border. This lesion is highly suspicious for:

A) Basal cell carcinoma

B) Seborrheic keratosis

C) Melanoma

D) Squamous cell carcinoma

**Question 10:**

In which of the following skin conditions would you expect to find Auspitz sign upon physical examination?

A) Psoriasis

B) Eczema

C) Pemphigus vulgaris

D) Lichen planus

ANSWERS TO DERMATOLOGY MCQs

Please note that these questions are intended for educational purposes and should not replace formal medical education and consultation. Always consult a medical professional for accurate diagnosis and treatment recommendations.

Result of 3rd Licensure Examination NNC Nurses

Result of 3rd National Licensure Examination for Nurses

NNC has published result of NNC licensing exam 2080

Please check the result below in the PDF format:

NNC result 2080

NNC result 2080 pdf download

Please refer to above

NNC full form

Nepal Nursing council

NNC login

Go to link nnc.org.np

Bachelor of Science in Nursing – Degree

Please check B Sc. Nursing result in the pdf above. 

NNC.ORG.NP.EXAM

NNC has published result of NNC licensing exam 2080.
Please check yours in the pdf above.
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