1. First visit NHPC official website at nhpc.gov.np सुरुमा कुनै ब्राउजर (eg chrome, firefox) खोलेर NHPC को वेवसाइट खोल्नुहोस। 
   

   new regiatration button

2. Then click on new registration button on top right दायापट्टि टुप्पोमा रहेको “new registration” बटनमा क्लिक गर्नुहोस।
   

   New registration window

3. Then a new tab will open नया ट्याब खुल्नेछ। 
4. Fill the requred information and proceed. मागेको जानकारि र कागजात अपलोड गर्नुहोस।

रजिस्ट्रेसनको लागि चाहिने कागजात

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प्रथम तहको लागि

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बैंक अकाउन्ट NHPC   वेवसाइटबाट कन्फर्म गर्नुहोला! 

The Science Behind Stethoscopes: How Do They Actually Work?

For centuries, the stethoscope has been an essential tool in the medical field, enabling physicians to listen to the sounds of the body and diagnose a variety of conditions. But have you ever wondered how exactly this simple device works? The science behind stethoscopes is fascinating and complex, involving principles of acoustics, physics, and human anatomy. From the diaphragm to the earpieces, every component of the stethoscope plays a crucial role in transmitting and amplifying the sounds of the body. Understanding how stethoscopes work can help us appreciate the remarkable precision and accuracy of modern medical technology. In this article, we will dive deeper into the science behind stethoscopes, exploring the mechanics of sound transmission, the anatomy of the human body, and the history of this iconic medical instrument. So, put on your lab coat and let’s explore the science of stethoscopes together!

The History of Stethoscopes

The stethoscope has a long and fascinating history, dating back to the early 19th century when it was first invented by a French physician named René Laennec. In those days, doctors would listen to the sounds of their patients’ bodies by placing their ear directly against the patient’s chest or back, which was not only uncomfortable but also unhygienic. Laennec was inspired to invent the stethoscope after observing two children playing with a long wooden stick, one end of which was placed against the ground while the other end was placed against the ear. He realized that this simple principle could be applied to listening to the sounds of the body, and thus the stethoscope was born.
The first stethoscopes were made of wood and were shaped like a tube with a bell-shaped end that was placed against the patient’s chest. The other end of the tube was placed against the doctor’s ear, allowing them to hear the sounds of the body more clearly. Over time, stethoscopes evolved to include a diaphragm that could be used to listen to higher-frequency sounds, such as heart murmurs, and a bell that could be used to listen to lower-frequency sounds, such as lung sounds.
Today, stethoscopes come in a variety of shapes and sizes and are made from a range of materials, including plastic, metal, and rubber. Despite these changes, the basic principle of the stethoscope remains the same: to amplify the sounds of the body and enable doctors to diagnose a variety of conditions.

How Do Stethoscopes Work?

At its most basic level, a stethoscope works by transmitting sound waves from the patient’s body to the doctor’s ear. Sound waves are created by the movement of air molecules, which vibrate as they travel through the body. These vibrations are then transmitted through the stethoscope to the doctor’s ear, where they are amplified and interpreted.
The key component of the stethoscope that enables this process to occur is the diaphragm. The diaphragm is a thin, flexible membrane that is placed against the patient’s skin. When sound waves from the body hit the diaphragm, they cause it to vibrate, creating a mechanical signal that is transmitted through the stethoscope tubing to the doctor’s ear.
The tubing of the stethoscope also plays a crucial role in sound transmission. The tubing is designed to be narrow and flexible, which helps to filter out unwanted background noise and amplify the sounds of the body. The length of the tubing can also affect the quality of sound transmission, with longer tubing generally producing a clearer sound.
The earpieces of the stethoscope are also important for sound transmission. The earpieces are designed to fit snugly in the doctor’s ears, creating a seal that helps to block out unwanted noise and ensure that the sounds of the body are heard clearly. Some stethoscopes also come with noise-cancelling features, which can help to further filter out background noise and improve sound quality.

The Anatomy of a Stethoscope

To understand how stethoscopes work, it’s important to first understand the anatomy of the device. A stethoscope is made up of several key components, each of which plays a crucial role in sound transmission.
The chestpiece is the part of the stethoscope that is placed against the patient’s skin. The chestpiece can be either a diaphragm or a bell, depending on the type of sound that needs to be heard. The diaphragm is a thin, flat piece of plastic or metal that vibrates when sound waves hit it. The bell, on the other hand, is a larger, concave piece of metal that is used to listen to lower-frequency sounds.
The tubing of the stethoscope connects the chestpiece to the earpieces. The tubing is typically made of rubber or plastic and is designed to be narrow and flexible, allowing sound waves to travel through it with minimal distortion.
The earpieces of the stethoscope are the part that is inserted into the doctor’s ears. The earpieces are usually made of soft rubber or plastic and are designed to fit comfortably in the ear canal. Some stethoscopes also come with adjustable earpieces, which can be moved up or down to accommodate different ear sizes.

Types of Stethoscopes and Their Uses

There are several different types of stethoscopes, each of which is designed for a specific purpose. The most common types of stethoscopes include:

• – Acoustic stethoscopes: These are the most basic type of stethoscope and rely solely on sound transmission through the tubing and earpieces.
• – Electronic stethoscopes: These stethoscopes use electronic amplification to enhance sound quality and filter out unwanted noise.
• – Fetal stethoscopes: These stethoscopes are designed specifically for listening to the heartbeat of a fetus.
• – Pediatric stethoscopes: These stethoscopes are designed for use on infants and young children and have smaller chestpieces and earpieces.
• – Cardiology stethoscopes: These stethoscopes are designed for use in cardiology and have a larger diaphragm and a bell for listening to both high- and low-frequency sounds.
• – Dual-head stethoscopes: These stethoscopes have both a diaphragm and a bell, allowing doctors to listen to a wider range of sounds.

Stethoscope Materials and Construction

• Stethoscopes are made from a variety of materials, each of which has its own unique properties and benefits. The most common materials used in stethoscope construction include:
• – Plastic: Plastic stethoscopes are the most basic type of stethoscope and are typically the least expensive. They are lightweight and easy to clean but may not provide the highest quality sound transmission.
• – Metal: Metal stethoscopes are more durable and provide better sound transmission than plastic stethoscopes. They are typically more expensive but are also more reliable and long-lasting.
• – Rubber: Rubber stethoscopes are soft and flexible, making them comfortable to use for extended periods of time. They are also easy to clean and maintain.

The construction of a stethoscope can also affect its sound quality and durability. High-quality stethoscopes are typically made with precision components and feature tight seals and well-constructed tubing to ensure clear sound transmission.

The Importance of Proper Stethoscope Maintenance

Proper maintenance of a stethoscope is essential for ensuring that it continues to function properly and provide accurate sound transmission. Some key tips for stethoscope maintenance include:

• – Clean your stethoscope regularly with a mild soap and water solution.
• – Store your stethoscope in a clean, dry place when not in use.
• – Avoid exposing your stethoscope to extreme temperatures or sunlight.
• – Replace worn or damaged parts of your stethoscope as needed.

By taking care of your stethoscope, you can ensure that it continues to provide reliable and accurate sound transmission for years to come.

Innovations in Stethoscope Technology

In recent years, there have been several exciting innovations in stethoscope technology that have helped to improve sound quality and diagnostic accuracy. One of the most notable of these is the electronic stethoscope, which uses advanced amplification and filtering technology to provide clearer sound transmission.
Other innovations include the development of stethoscopes with Bluetooth connectivity, which can allow doctors to transmit heart and lung sounds directly to a computer or mobile device for analysis. Some stethoscopes also come with built-in recording features, allowing doctors to record and review sounds at a later time.

Common Stethoscope Myths Debunked

There are several common myths and misconceptions surrounding stethoscopes. One of the most persistent of these is the idea that you can hear a patient’s thoughts or emotions through a stethoscope. In reality, stethoscopes are designed solely for the purpose of listening to the sounds of the body and cannot pick up on thoughts or emotions.
Another common myth is that stethoscopes are only used for listening to the heart. While the heart is certainly one of the most important organs that can be listened to with a stethoscope, doctors also use stethoscopes to listen to the lungs, stomach, and other parts of the body.

Conclusion

The stethoscope is a remarkable tool that has played a crucial role in the history of medicine. From its humble beginnings as a simple wooden tube to the high-tech electronic devices of today, the stethoscope has continued to evolve and improve over time. By understanding the science behind stethoscopes, we can appreciate the remarkable precision and accuracy of modern medical technology and the incredible insights it can provide into the workings of the human body. Whether you’re a physician, nurse, or simply someone with an interest in science and medicine, the stethoscope is a fascinating subject that is sure to captivate and inspire.

Introduction to CTEVT

Vision of CTEVT

Mission of CTEVT

Goals of CTEVT

Major Responsibilities of CTEVT

also called Daxinkali temple or Dakshinkali mandir

Flower bloosom

Pathibhara temple

Pathibhara temple

Importance of Devi worshipping (देवीपूजनको महत्वहरू)

Copyright: All rights reserved to Dr Chaitanya. Unauthorized downloading and distributing is prohibited and my lead to legal consequences. 

The Facility Based Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illness (FB-IMNCI) package includes appropriate management of major causes of childhood and neonatal mortality. 

The package has been designed specially to address childhood cases referred from peripheral level health institutions to higher institutions. 

As such, the package is expected to bridge the current gap in appropriate and timely management of childhood 

cases. 

Handbook cover page

The Facility Based IMNCI package has been designed to address the major causes of childhood illnesses especially:

1. infection
2. birth asphyxia
3. prematurity
4. low birth weight
5. pneumonia
6. diarrhoea
7. malaria
8. meningitis
9. severe malnutrition among children.

Download it here: 

DOWNLOAD MO HANDBOOK FBIMNCI  (imnci chart booklet)

Or alternatively copy and paste following link in your browsser address bar 

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1DpAYk_EzF0M9vpwB9eE69TxuWOE-NJu_/view?usp=share_link

Checking pedal oedema in childre with malnutrition

Download IMNCI Protocol (imnci chart booklet)

The Anatomy of a Stethoscope: Understanding the Different Parts

As a medical professional, the stethoscope is an essential tool in your arsenal. It’s the device that helps you listen to the inner workings of the human body, providing vital information that can help diagnose a range of medical conditions. But have you ever really stopped to consider the intricate design of this simple yet powerful instrument? Understanding the anatomy of a stethoscope is essential for getting the most out of your device and improving the accuracy of your diagnoses. From the earpieces to the chest piece, each component plays a critical role in helping you hear the sounds of the body. In this article, we’ll take a closer look at the different parts of the stethoscope and explore their functions. Whether you’re a seasoned medical professional or a student just starting out, the anatomy of a stethoscope is a fascinating subject that’s worth exploring.

Parts of a Stethoscope

Earpieces

The earpieces are the components of the stethoscope that fit into your ears. They are typically made of soft, pliable materials that provide a comfortable fit. There are two types of earpieces: standard and adjustable. Standard earpieces are fixed in size and cannot be adjusted, while adjustable earpieces can be adjusted to fit different ear sizes.

The earpieces are designed to create a seal in your ear canal, which helps to block out external noise and ensure that you hear the sounds of the body clearly. It’s important to ensure that the earpieces fit snugly in your ears, as a loose fit can cause the stethoscope to move around, making it difficult to hear the sounds you need to hear.

Tubing

The tubing is the part of the stethoscope that connects the earpieces to the chest piece. It is typically made of rubber or PVC and comes in various lengths. The length of the tubing can affect the sound quality of the stethoscope, with longer tubing generally providing better sound quality.

The material of the tubing can also affect the sound quality. Rubber tubing is more flexible than PVC tubing, which can make it easier to use the stethoscope in tight spaces. However, PVC tubing is more durable and can withstand exposure to oils and other chemicals better than rubber tubing.

Chestpiece

The chestpiece is the part of the stethoscope that is placed on the patient’s body to listen to the sounds of the body. It consists of two parts: the diaphragm and the bell. The diaphragm is the larger, flat part of the chestpiece that is used to listen to high-pitched sounds, such as those produced by the lungs and heart. The bell is the smaller, concave part of the chestpiece that is used to listen to low-pitched sounds, such as those produced by the gastrointestinal tract.

There are two types of chestpieces: single-sided and double-sided. Single-sided chestpieces have only one side that can be used to listen to sounds, while double-sided chestpieces have both a diaphragm and a bell that can be switched out as needed.

Diaphragm/Bell

The diaphragm and bell are the two parts of the chestpiece that are used to listen to sounds. The diaphragm is the flat, circular part of the chestpiece that is used to listen to high-pitched sounds, such as those produced by the lungs and heart. The bell is the concave, cup-shaped part of the chestpiece that is used to listen to low-pitched sounds, such as those produced by the gastrointestinal tract.

To use the diaphragm, you should place it firmly on the patient’s skin, allowing it to make contact with the surface. This will create a seal that will allow you to hear the sounds of the body clearly. To use the bell, you should hold it lightly against the patient’s skin, allowing the cup to capture the sounds of the body.

How does steth work

Additional Features

Tunable Diaphragm

Some stethoscopes come equipped with a tunable diaphragm, which allows you to switch between high and low frequencies without having to flip the chestpiece over. To use the tunable diaphragm, you simply apply more or less pressure to the chestpiece, which changes the frequency response of the diaphragm.

Noise-Reducing Technology

Some stethoscopes come equipped with noise-reducing technology, which helps to block out external noise and improve the clarity of the sounds you hear. This technology can be particularly useful in noisy environments, such as emergency rooms or busy clinics.

A steth

Pediatric Attachments

Some stethoscopes come with pediatric attachments, which are designed to make it easier to use the stethoscope on infants and children. These attachments are typically smaller than standard chestpieces and can be used to listen to the sounds of the body on smaller patients.

Choosing the Right Stethoscope for Your Needs

When it comes to choosing a stethoscope, there are a few factors to consider. First, you’ll want to consider the type of work you’ll be doing. If you work in a busy emergency department, you may want a stethoscope with noise-reducing technology to help you hear the sounds of the body more clearly. If you’ll be working with smaller patients, a stethoscope with a pediatric attachment may be a good choice.

You’ll also want to consider your budget. Stethoscopes can range in price from less than $20 to several hundred dollars, depending on the features and quality. While it may be tempting to opt for a cheaper option, keep in mind that a high-quality stethoscope can last you for many years and provide you with more accurate readings.

Caring for Your Stethoscope

Proper care and maintenance of your stethoscope can help to ensure that it lasts for many years and continues to provide you with accurate readings. Here are a few tips for caring for your stethoscope:

• Clean the earpieces and chestpiece regularly with a soft cloth and mild soap and water.
• Avoid using alcohol or other harsh chemicals to clean your stethoscope, as these can damage the tubing and other components.
• Store your stethoscope in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight and extreme temperatures.
• Avoid kinking or bending the tubing, as this can cause damage to the stethoscope.

Conclusion

Understanding the anatomy of a stethoscope is essential for using this valuable tool effectively and getting the most out of it. From the earpieces to the chest piece, each component plays a critical role in helping you hear the sounds of the body. By choosing the right stethoscope for your needs, caring for it properly, and using it effectively, you can provide your patients with more accurate diagnoses and better care.

1. You must have an active gmail account to fill up form if you appeared in 1st to 5th examination. If you have already used that gmail account for taking exam previously create new one here .
2. Visit this link www.nhpc.gov.np
3. Click on new registration icon on top right 
   

   New regiistration NHPC

4. Alternatively you can click here
5. Fill up the required information and enter the captcha:
   

Enter the code sent to your email : 

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Code in email from NHPC 7. Now login using the email and password you entered earlier 8 Now provide all the informamtion it asks for and apply for your level of choice.

What is the application fee for examination:

• Single fee on time (till 2080/01/28) : Rs 3000

• Double fee (from 2080/01/29 to 2080/03/03 : Rs 6000

NHPC form fee banks:

1. Nepal SBI bank limited

2. Himalayan bank limited

The voucher of the above mentioned fee should be submitted to the profile of the examinee. 

Read more informamtion at NHPC official website and NHPC facebook page.