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vaccine. mohp.gov.np vaccine card qr code verification method 2025

1. Open any broswer in your device with internet connection 

3. Go to link shown below: (vaccine. mohp.gov.np)

vaccine.mohp.gov.np screenshot

Click on प्रमाणिकरणका लागि आवेदन

4. Fill the form with asked details

You will be asked regarding personal information, vaccine information and other information

5. Upload asked documents

1. Citizenship of nepal
2. Photo
3. Vaccine card

vaccine.mohp.gov.np screenshot  2

6. Click on पेश गर्नुहोस्।

vaccine.mohp.gov.np submit button

7. Confirm your submission after asked.

Note your registration number दर्ता नं।

vaccine.mohp.gov.np language change

8. You can change language as well if needed. 

If you need to check your verification status click the link on top प्रमाणिकरणको स्थिति. (alert-success)

Source: Ministry of Health & Population, Department of Health Services, Information Management Unit (IMU)/Integrated Health Information Management System (IHIMS), Nepal

Mesntrual cup insertion tips – Period hygiene tips for new users and old users

Mesntrual cup

Table of Contents (toc)

Introduction

{
“@context”: “https://schema.org”,
“@type”: “FAQPage”,
“mainEntity”: [{
“@type”: “Question”,
“name”: “10 Simple Tips for Period Hygiene:”,
“acceptedAnswer”: {
“@type”: “Answer”,
“text”: “Change pads or tampons every 4-8 hours.
Wash your hands before and after changing products.
Use a menstrual cup or organic products if you have sensitive skin.
Keep your genital area clean and dry.
Avoid using scented products to prevent irritation.
Store period products in a clean, dry place.
Dispose of used products properly.
Wear breathable underwear.
Use pantyliners for light days or spotting.
Drink plenty of water and maintain good hygiene habits.”
}
},{
“@type”: “Question”,
“name”: “5 Pros of Menstrual Cups:”,
“acceptedAnswer”: {
“@type”: “Answer”,
“text”: “Reusable and eco-friendly.
Can be worn for up to 12 hours.
Holds more fluid than tampons or pads.
Reduces the risk of toxic shock syndrome.
Cost-effective over time.”
}
},{
“@type”: “Question”,
“name”: “5 Cons of Menstrual Cups:”,
“acceptedAnswer”: {
“@type”: “Answer”,
“text”: “Can be difficult to insert or remove.
May cause discomfort if not fitted properly.
Requires proper cleaning and maintenance.
May be less convenient for public restrooms.
Not always suitable for all body types or flow levels.”
}
}]
}

{
“@context”: “https://schema.org”,
“@type”: “FAQPage”,
“mainEntity”: [
{
“@type”: “Question”,
“name”: “How do I choose the right menstrual cup?”,
“acceptedAnswer”: {
“@type”: “Answer”,
“text”: “Finding the perfect fit involves considering factors such as size, firmness, and capacity. Select a cup that suits your body and flow for a comfortable and leak-free experience.”
}
},
{
“@type”: “Question”,
“name”: “How do I sterilize a menstrual cup before first use?”,
“acceptedAnswer”: {
“@type”: “Answer”,
“text”: “Before using a new cup or after a long break, sterilize it by boiling it in water for a few minutes. This ensures optimal hygiene and cleanliness.”
}
},
{
“@type”: “Question”,
“name”: “What are some folding techniques for menstrual cups?”,
“acceptedAnswer”: {
“@type”: “Answer”,
“text”: “Experiment with folds like the C-fold, punch-down fold, or 7-fold to find the one that is most comfortable and allows easy insertion.”
}
},
{
“@type”: “Question”,
“name”: “How can I locate my cervix for better placement of a menstrual cup?”,
“acceptedAnswer”: {
“@type”: “Answer”,
“text”: “Understanding the position of your cervix can help determine cup placement. Some cups work better for high cervixes, while others suit low cervixes.”
}
},
{
“@type”: “Question”,
“name”: “What should I do if the menstrual cup stem causes discomfort?”,
“acceptedAnswer”: {
“@type”: “Answer”,
“text”: “If the stem protrudes or feels uncomfortable, you can trim it to a suitable length. Avoid cutting too much to ensure easy removal.”
}
},
{
“@type”: “Question”,
“name”: “How often should I empty and clean my menstrual cup?”,
“acceptedAnswer”: {
“@type”: “Answer”,
“text”: “Menstrual cups can be worn for up to 12 hours, but empty and rinse them every 4-8 hours depending on your flow to maintain hygiene.”
}
},
{
“@type”: “Question”,
“name”: “How can I troubleshoot leaks with a menstrual cup?”,
“acceptedAnswer”: {
“@type”: “Answer”,
“text”: “Ensure the cup is positioned correctly, check the seal by rotating it or gently tugging the stem, or try a different cup size or shape.”
}
},
{
“@type”: “Question”,
“name”: “What are some tips for removing a menstrual cup?”,
“acceptedAnswer”: {
“@type”: “Answer”,
“text”: “Use your pelvic muscles to push the cup lower, pinch the base to release suction, and gently wiggle it out. Take your time to avoid discomfort.”
}
},
{
“@type”: “Question”,
“name”: “How should I clean and sanitize my menstrual cup between cycles?”,
“acceptedAnswer”: {
“@type”: “Answer”,
“text”: “Thoroughly clean and sanitize your cup using the manufacturer’s instructions or a specialized cup cleanser to ensure hygiene.”
}
},
{
“@type”: “Question”,
“name”: “What should I do if I encounter odor concerns with my menstrual cup?”,
“acceptedAnswer”: {
“@type”: “Answer”,
“text”: “Rinse the cup with cold water before cleaning it with warm water and mild soap. Alternatively, soak it in a mixture of water and vinegar.”
}
},
{
“@type”: “Question”,
“name”: “Can I use a menstrual cup while being active or exercising?”,
“acceptedAnswer”: {
“@type”: “Answer”,
“text”: “Yes, menstrual cups are suitable for activities like swimming, yoga, and sports. Once properly inserted, they provide reliable protection without restricting movement.”
}
},
{
“@type”: “Question”,
“name”: “When should I replace my menstrual cup?”,
“acceptedAnswer”: {
“@type”: “Answer”,
“text”: “Replace your menstrual cup if you notice signs of wear and tear, such as discoloration or a change in texture, to ensure safety and effectiveness.”
}
},
{
“@type”: “Question”,
“name”: “What should I do during the learning phase of using a menstrual cup?”,
“acceptedAnswer”: {
“@type”: “Answer”,
“text”: “During the learning phase, consider using a backup like panty liners or period underwear. Practice and be patient as you adjust to using the cup.”
}
}
]
}

Typhoid vaccine guideline Nepal (Rastriya Khop talika) 2081

Introduction: Typhoid Vaccine Guidelines in Nepal

National Immunization Schedule, Nepal

{
“@context”: “https://schema.org”,
“@type”: “FAQPage”,
“mainEntity”: [
{
“@type”: “Question”,
“name”: “Who should get the typhoid vaccine in Nepal?”,
“acceptedAnswer”: {
“@type”: “Answer”,
“text”: “In Nepal, the typhoid vaccine is recommended for children aged 9 months to 15 years, healthcare workers, food handlers, and individuals traveling to typhoid-endemic areas.”
}
},
{
“@type”: “Question”,
“name”: “What type of typhoid vaccine is used in Nepal?”,
“acceptedAnswer”: {
“@type”: “Answer”,
“text”: “Nepal primarily uses the Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine (TCV), which is a single-dose vaccine providing long-term protection. Other vaccines like Ty21a and Vi polysaccharide are alternatives but less commonly used.”
}
},
{
“@type”: “Question”,
“name”: “What is the schedule for typhoid vaccination in Nepal?”,
“acceptedAnswer”: {
“@type”: “Answer”,
“text”: “Under Nepal’s National Immunization Program, TCV is administered as a single dose after 6 months of age. Catch-up campaigns target children up to 15 years in typhoid-endemic regions.”
}
},
{
“@type”: “Question”,
“name”: “Are there any side effects of the typhoid vaccine in Nepal?”,
“acceptedAnswer”: {
“@type”: “Answer”,
“text”: “The typhoid vaccine in Nepal is generally safe. Mild side effects include fever, redness, or swelling at the injection site. Serious adverse reactions are extremely rare.”
}
},
{
“@type”: “Question”,
“name”: “Where can I get the typhoid vaccine in Nepal?”,
“acceptedAnswer”: {
“@type”: “Answer”,
“text”: “The typhoid vaccine is available at government health centers, hospitals, and vaccination camps organized under Nepal’s Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI).”
}
}
]
}

1. Pancreatitis
2. Diabetes melliitus
3. Peritonitis
4. Bowel obstruction
5. Hemorrhoids

Peritonitis and bowel obstruction Lecture Presentation : causes, symptoms and treatment NHPC NNC

Peritonitis and Bowel Obstruction: Lecture Notes (NHPC NNC)

Peritonitis

Peritonitis is the inflammation of the peritoneum, the membrane lining the abdominal cavity and covering the organs within it.

Causes

1. Infectious Causes

   • Bacterial or fungal infection (e.g., ruptured appendix, perforated peptic ulcer).
   • Post-surgical infections.

2. Non-Infectious Causes

   • Chemical irritation (e.g., bile or gastric acid leakage).
   • Autoimmune diseases.

Symptoms

• Severe abdominal pain and tenderness.
• Abdominal distension.
• Fever and chills.
• Nausea and vomiting.
• Loss of appetite.
• Rapid heart rate.
• Decreased or absent bowel sounds.

Diagnosis

• Physical Examination: Rebound tenderness, rigidity.
• Imaging: X-ray, ultrasound, CT scan (to detect free air or fluid).
• Laboratory Tests: Elevated white blood cell count, blood cultures.
• Paracentesis: Analysis of peritoneal fluid.

perforation peritonitis gas under diaphragm

Treatment

1. Medical Management

   • Broad-spectrum antibiotics.
   • Pain management.
   • Intravenous fluids to prevent dehydration.

2. Surgical Management

   • Source control (e.g., repair of perforations, abscess drainage).
   • Laparotomy or laparoscopy.

3. Post-Treatment Care

• Monitor for signs of sepsis.
• Nutritional support.

bowel obstruction

Bowel Obstruction

Bowel obstruction refers to a blockage that prevents the normal passage of contents through the intestines.

Causes

1. Mechanical Obstruction

   • Adhesions (post-surgery).
   • Hernias.
   • Tumors.
   • Volvulus (twisting of the bowel).
   • Intussusception (telescoping of bowel).

2. Non-Mechanical Obstruction (Ileus)

   • Post-surgical paralysis of the intestines.
   • Electrolyte imbalances.
   • Medications (e.g., opioids).

Symptoms

• Cramping abdominal pain.
• Nausea and vomiting (may include feculent material).
• Abdominal distension.
• Inability to pass gas or stool.
• High-pitched bowel sounds (early stage) or absent bowel sounds (late stage).

Diagnosis

• Physical Examination: Abdominal tenderness, distension.
• Imaging: X-ray (air-fluid levels), CT scan (site of obstruction).
• Blood Tests: Check for electrolyte imbalances and dehydration.

small  bowel obstruction x ray

Treatment

1. Medical Management

   • NPO (nil per os, nothing by mouth).
   • Nasogastric tube for decompression.
   • Intravenous fluids to prevent dehydration.
   • Correction of electrolyte imbalances.

2. Surgical Management

   • Removal of the obstruction (e.g., resection, adhesiolysis).
   • Colostomy or ileostomy if needed.

3. Post-Treatment Care

   • Gradual reintroduction of oral intake.
   • Monitor for recurrence.

Key Points

• Early diagnosis and treatment are critical for both conditions to prevent complications like sepsis or bowel perforation.
• Multidisciplinary care is often required, including surgical and medical interventions.
• Patient education and follow-up are vital for long-term recovery and prevention.

Peritonitis and bowel obstruction PPT

Micronutrients and macronutrients, diseases caused by nutrient defecit, daily requirement, nutrient sources PPT

Introduction

Micronutrients and Macronutrients: An Overview

Macronutrients

Macronutrients are nutrients required by the body in large amounts to provide energy and support vital functions.

Types of Macronutrients

1. Carbohydrates

   • Primary source of energy (4 kcal/g).
   • Found in: bread, rice, pasta, fruits, and vegetables.
   • Daily requirement: 45-65% of total caloric intake.

2. Proteins

   • Essential for growth, repair, and maintenance of body tissues (4 kcal/g).
   • Found in: meat, fish, eggs, beans, dairy products.
   • Daily requirement: 0.8-1.2 g/kg of body weight.

3. Fats

   • Source of long-term energy (9 kcal/g), aids in absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K).
   • Found in: oils, nuts, seeds, fatty fish, avocados.
   • Daily requirement: 20-35% of total caloric intake.

4. Water

• Vital for hydration, temperature regulation, and bodily functions.
• Daily requirement: ~2-3 liters (varies by age, sex, activity level).

Micronutrients

Micronutrients are nutrients required in small amounts but are crucial for overall health and development.

Types of Micronutrients

1. Vitamins

   • Fat-soluble vitamins: A, D, E, K.
   • Water-soluble vitamins: B-complex (B1, B2, B3, B6, B12, folate, etc.) and Vitamin C.
   • Functions: Support immunity, vision, bone health, and metabolism.

2. Minerals

   • Major minerals: Calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, magnesium.
   • Trace minerals: Iron, zinc, iodine, selenium, copper.
   • Functions: Support bone health, oxygen transport, enzyme function.

Diseases Caused by Nutrient Deficiencies

1. Macronutrient Deficiencies

   • Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM): Kwashiorkor, Marasmus.
   • Symptoms: Muscle wasting, stunted growth, lethargy.

2. Micronutrient Deficiencies

   • Vitamin A: Night blindness, xerophthalmia.
   • Vitamin D: Rickets in children, osteomalacia in adults.
   • Vitamin C: Scurvy (bleeding gums, weakness).
   • Iron: Anemia (fatigue, pale skin).
   • Iodine: Goiter, hypothyroidism.
   • Calcium: Osteoporosis, muscle cramps.
   • Zinc: Delayed wound healing, growth retardation.

Daily Nutritional Requirements

1. Carbohydrates: 225-325 g (for a 2000 kcal diet).
2. Proteins: 50-60 g (varies based on activity level and age).
3. Fats: 44-77 g (for a 2000 kcal diet).
4. Vitamins and Minerals:
   • Example: Vitamin C (65-90 mg), Calcium (1000 mg), Iron (8-18 mg).

Balanced Diet Tips

1. Incorporate a variety of foods from all food groups.
2. Include fresh fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats.
3. Limit processed foods, sugars, and saturated fats.
4. Stay hydrated throughout the day.
5. Monitor portion sizes to avoid overconsumption.

Key Points to Remember

• Macronutrients provide energy and structural components; micronutrients regulate body functions.
• Both are essential for maintaining health and preventing diseases.
• A balanced diet ensures the adequate intake of all nutrients.
• Deficiency diseases can be prevented by consuming nutrient-rich foods and, if necessary, supplements.

Micronutrients and macronutrients powerpoint presentation

Meningitis, encephalitis and stroke for medical students preparation slide:

Introduction and definition of meningitis:

Meningitis is the inflammation of the CSF and the meninges. If the
infection spreads into the brain it is termed meningoencephalitis.
Usually is caused by an infection, but chemical meningitis also may occur
in response to a nonbacterial irritants introduced into the subarachnoid
space.

Types of meningitis:

• Infectious meningitis can be broadly divided into:
• Acute pyogenic (usually bacterial),
• Aseptic (usually viral), and
• Chronic (usually tuberculous, spirochetal, or cryptococcal)
  subtypes.

Complications of meningitis:

Family planning bhaneko ke ho? NDHS data in family planning Entrance MBBS/MD/MS and PSC in Nepal CMA

Table of contents (toc)