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NDHS full form

SURVEY IMPLEMENTATION

SAMPLE DESIGN

FERTILITY repot on NDHS 2022

TEENAGE FERTILITY ndhs 2022 nepal

Teenage pregnancy

Percentage of women age 15–19 who have ever been pregnant.

Sample: Women age 15–19

FERTILITY PREFERENCES

Desire for another child

Women were asked whether they wanted more children and, if so, how long

they would prefer to wait before the birth of the next child. Women who are

sterilized are assumed not to want any more children.

Sample: Currently married women age 15–49

Contraceptive use

Contraceptive prevalence

Percentage of women who use any contraceptive method.

Sample: Currently married women age 15–49

Modern methods

Include male and female sterilization, injectables, intrauterine contraceptive

device (IUCD), contraceptive pill, implants, male condoms, emergency

contraception, the standard days method, and lactational amenorrhea method.

Need and demand for family planning

EARLY CHILDHOOD MORTALITY ndhs 2022 nepal

Neonatal mortality: The probability of dying within the first month of life.

Postneonatal mortality: The probability of dying between the first month of

life and the first birthday (computed as the difference between infant and

neonatal mortality).

Infant mortality: The probability of dying between birth and the first birthday.

Child mortality: The probability of dying between the first and fifth birthday.

Under-5 mortality: The probability of dying between birth and the fifth

birthday.

MATERNAL CARE

3.8.1 Antenatal care

Antenatal care (ANC) from a skilled provider

Pregnancy care received from skilled providers, such as doctors, nurses, and

auxiliary nurse midwives.

Sample: Women age 15–49 who had a live birth or stillbirth in the 2 years

preceding the survey

Protection against neonatal tetanus

The number of tetanus toxoid injections needed to protect a baby from

neonatal tetanus depends on the mother’s vaccinations. A birth is protected

against neonatal tetanus if the mother has received any of the following:

▪ Two tetanus toxoid injections during the pregnancy

▪ Two or more injections, the last one within 3 years of the birth

▪ Three or more injections, the last one within 5 years of the birth

▪ Four or more injections, the last one within 10 years of the birth

▪ Five or more injections at any time prior to the birth

Sample: Women age 15-49 with a live birth in the 2 years preceding the

survey

Delivery care

Institutional deliveries

Deliveries that occur in a health facility.

Sample: All live births and/or stillbirths in the 2 years preceding the survey

Skilled assistance during delivery

Births delivered with the assistance of a doctor, nurse, or midwife.

Sample: All live births and/or stillbirths in the 2 years preceding the survey

Postnatal care for the mother ndhs 2022 nepal

maternal mortality rate in nepal ndhs 2016

VACCINATION COVERAGE

Fully vaccinated—basic antigens ndhs 2022 nepal

CHILD NUTRITIONAL STATUS

nepal demographic and health survey 2021

INFANT AND YOUNG CHILD FEEDING

Early initiation of breastfeeding

Percentage of children age 0–23 months who were put to the breast within

1 hour of birth

Sample: Children age 0–23 months

Exclusive breastfeeding under 6 months

Percentage of children age 0–5 months who are fed exclusively with

breastmilk during the previous day

Sample: Youngest children age 0–5 months living with the mother

Minimum dietary diversity 6–23 months

Percentage of children age 6–23 months who are fed a minimum of 5 out of

8 defined food groups during the previous day. The 8 food groups are as

follows: breastmilk; grains, roots, and tubers; legumes and nuts; dairy products

(milk yogurt, cheese); flesh foods (meat, fish, poultry, and organ meat); eggs;

vitamin A-rich fruits and vegetables; and other fruits and vegetables.

Sample: Youngest children age 6–23 months living with the mother

nepal demographic and health survey 2021

Key IYCF indicators are presented in Table 13.

▪ Fifty-five percent (55%) of children age 0–23 months engaged in early initiation of breastfeeding.

▪ Seventy-eight percent (78%) of children age 6–23 months met the minimum dietary diversity

requirement.

▪ Fifty-six percent (56%) of children under 6 months were exclusively breastfeed.

 ANEMIA

3.13.1 Prevalence of anemia in children

Anemia is a condition that is marked by low levels of hemoglobin in the blood. Causes of anemia include

iron deficiency and other nutritional deficiencies, malaria, infections with hookworm or other helminths,

chronic infections, and genetic conditions such as sickle cell disease. Anemia is a serious concern for

children because it can impair cognitive development and is associated with long-term health and

economic consequences. Severe anemia leads to increased mortality (Chaparro and Suchdev 2019).

nepal demographic and health survey 2021

HIV

3.14.1 Knowledge of HIV prevention among young people

Knowledge about HIV prevention

Knowing that consistent use of condoms during sexual intercourse and having

just one uninfected faithful partner can reduce the chances of getting HIV,

knowing that a healthy-looking person can have HIV, and rejecting two major

misconceptions about HIV transmission: HIV can be transmitted by mosquito

bites and a person can become infected by sharing food with a person who

has HIV.

Sample: Women and men age 15–24

Knowledge of how HIV is transmitted is crucial to enabling people to avoid HIV infection. This is

especially true for young people, who are often at greater risk because they may have shorter relationships

with more partners or may engage in other risky behaviors.

▪ Sixty-five percent (65%) of young women and 88% of young men know that consistent use of

condoms can reduce the risk of getting HIV (Table 16).

▪ Sixty-nine percent (69%) of young women and 85% of young men know that having just one

uninfected partner can reduce the chance of getting HIV.

▪ Only 16% of young women and 27% of young men have a thorough knowledge of HIV prevention

methods.

Prior HIV testing

HIV testing programs diagnose people living with HIV so that they can be linked to care and access

antiretroviral therapy (ART). Knowledge of HIV status helps HIV negative individuals reduce risk and

remain negative.

▪ Overall, 10% of women and 13% of men age 15–49 have ever been tested for HIV (Table 17.1 and

Table 17.2, respectively). Almost all of those who were tested received the test results.

▪ Three percent (3%) of women and 2% of men age 15–49 were tested for HIV in the 12-month period

preceding the survey and received the results of the last test they took.

DISABILITY ndhs 2022 nepal

Functional domains

Seeing, hearing, communicating, remembering or concentrating, walking or

climbing steps, and washing all over or dressing.

Sample: de facto household population age 5 and above

The 2022 NDHS included The DHS Program’s Disability Module, a series of questions based on the

Washington Group on Disability Statistics (WG) Short Set of questions, which in turn are based on the

framework of the World Health Organization’s International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and

Health. The questions address six core functional domains and provide basic information on disability

comparable to that being collected worldwide via the WG disability tools.

Respondents to the Household Questionnaire provided information for all the household members and

visitors on disability status for each of the functional domains: whether they had no difficulty, some

difficulty, a lot of difficulty, or no ability at all in the specified functional domain. Table 18 shows the

results for the de facto household population age 5 and older.

▪ Overall, 71% of the de facto household population age 5 or older have no difficulty in any of the

functional domains.

▪ Among the de facto household population age 5 or older 23% have some difficulty in at least one

functional domain, 5% have a lot of difficulty, and 1% cannot do at least one domain.

▪ Six percent (6%) of the de facto household members age 5 or older have a lot of difficulty or cannot

function at all in at least one of the functional domains.

▪ Among the de facto household population age 5 and older, the most common disability reported is

difficulty seeing (15% ) followed by difficulty walking or climbing steps (12%).

Introduction

Indications for a UPT

Interpreting UPT Results

• Positive Result: 

• Negative Result: 

Normal Range

Summary of urine pregnancy test

1. Yuka fries
2. Yuka boiled
3. Yuka salad
4. Cakes
5. Pudding

Yuka fries recipe

raw yuka before making yuka fries

Ingredients:

Instructions:

1. Total Calories: 300 calories
2. Fat: 25%
   1. saturated fat 8%
3. Cholesterl: 0%
4. Sodium: 12 gm
5. Total carbohydrate: 12%
6. Dietary fiber: 6%
7. Protein: 1.2gram
8. Potassium: 240 mg
9. Vitamins and minerals: Vitamin A, C and E, Iron, calcium and selenium available.

DEFINITION: 

chest anatomy

Pneumonia is an infection of the pulmonary parenchyma

Factors that predispose to pneumonia 

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) definition :

Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP):

Health care-associated pneumonia (HCAP) :

Immunocompromised host :

Classification by site of pneumonia

Lobar pnemonia :

Interstitial Pneumonia

Bronchopnemonia:

CLASSIFICATION BY ETIOLOGY

• PRIMARY PNEUMONIA (due to specific pathogenic organism)

 ATYPICAL PNEUMONIA)**

2. SECONDARY PNEUMONIA

Clinical features of CAP

Initial Assessment

INVESTIGATIONS

Investigations for pnneumonia

Chest x-ray

General management of pneumonia

Management continued

MANANGEMENT: ANTIBIOTICS

COMPLICATIONS OF PNEUMONIA

Prevention of further episodes

• Smoking cessation advice and support

Pneumonia MCQs

Most common symptom of the respiratory disease is?

Common sound heard on auscultation in pneumonia is

An old man comes to u with complaint of fever for 4 days and cough associated with chills. On examination the patient is in respiratory distress and AND HAS HIGH GRADE FEVER OF 104 DEGREE FAHRENHEIT.  The most possible diagnosis is

A pus sample is called purulent if

Pneumonia depiction

A patient who is known case of COPD under medication has complained of increased shortness of breath. He said that he could walk on plane level with his friends easily but now he needs to take break every 100 m or so due to shortness of breath. What is the mMRC grade of SOB for this patient?

6 Difficulty in breathing is called

Which organism causes the so called walking pneumonia (Hint: atypical pneumonia)

HAP is called if symptoms/diagnosis

Common causative agent for congenital or neonatal oneumonia is

In CURB 65 scoring B stands for

Lung abscess following pneumonia is caused by

Antibiotic of choice for CAP in OPD setting is

Pneumothorax is

Your patient has BP of 130/90 mm of Hg. What is his MAP

What is his pulse pressure in above case

Step-by-Step Guide: How to Read a Chest X-Ray

1. Prepare for the Interpretation

• Understand the Context:
  • Know the patient’s clinical history (e.g., symptoms, past medical history, and reason for the X-ray).
  • Ensure you have the correct patient’s X-ray.
• Positioning:
  • Confirm the X-ray is in the correct orientation: the patient’s left side is typically on your right.

2. Check the Technical Quality of the X-Ray

• P: Position:
  • Confirm if it’s an anteroposterior (AP) or posteroanterior (PA) view.
  • Lateral view may also be provided.
• I: Inspiration:
  • Count visible ribs: 6 anterior or 10 posterior ribs above the diaphragm indicate adequate inspiration.
• R: Rotation:
  • Check if the spinous processes are equidistant from the medial ends of the clavicles.
• P: Penetration:
  • A good X-ray allows you to see the vertebrae behind the heart faintly.

3. Systematically Analyze the X-Ray

Follow an organized approach to ensure you don’t miss anything:

A: Airways

• Check for tracheal deviation or narrowing.
• Ensure the carina and bronchi are in their normal positions.

B: Bones and Soft Tissues

• Inspect ribs, clavicles, scapulae, and spine for fractures or deformities.
• Evaluate soft tissues for masses, swelling, or air (e.g., subcutaneous emphysema).

C: Cardiac Silhouette

• Assess the size and shape of the heart.
  • Cardiothoracic ratio: Heart should occupy less than 50% of the thoracic width on a PA view.
• Look for abnormal contours indicating conditions like cardiomegaly or pericardial effusion.

D: Diaphragm

• Check the position and shape.
  • The right hemidiaphragm is normally higher than the left due to the liver.
  • Look for free air under the diaphragm (indicative of perforation).

E: Effusion and Pleura

• Inspect for pleural effusion, thickening, or pneumothorax.
• Effusions typically show a blunting of costophrenic angles.

F: Fields (Lungs)

• Examine lung fields for opacities, consolidations, nodules, or masses.
• Look for interstitial markings, which may indicate fibrosis, edema, or infection.
• Compare the left and right lungs for symmetry.

G: Gastric Bubble

• A normal gastric bubble is visible below the left hemidiaphragm.
• Absence or displacement can indicate abnormality.

H: Hilar Structures

• Assess for lymphadenopathy, enlargement, or masses.
• Evaluate vascular markings for signs of pulmonary hypertension or congestion.

4. Correlate Findings with Clinical Context

• Connect radiological findings with the patient’s symptoms and clinical history.
• Example:
  • Consolidation with air bronchograms: Pneumonia.
  • Blunted costophrenic angles: Pleural effusion.
  • Hyperinflation with flattened diaphragms: COPD.

5. Summarize the Findings

• Formulate a concise and clear report:
  • Mention any abnormal findings.
  • Include observations about lung fields, heart size, diaphragm, and pleura.
  • Suggest differential diagnoses if abnormalities are found.

6. Seek Expert Opinion if Needed

• If unclear or complex findings are observed, consult a radiologist or experienced physician.

Tips for Effective Interpretation

• Practice a consistent approach to avoid missing subtle findings.
• Compare with previous X-rays if available for changes over time.
• Be aware of common artifacts (e.g., ECG leads, clothing, or foreign bodies).

This methodical guide ensures thorough and accurate chest X-ray interpretation!

Symptoms of uti

Symptoms of a UTI can include a strong, persistent urge to urinate, a burning sensation when urinating, passing frequent, small amounts of urine, urine that appears cloudy, or urine that has a strong odor. If the infection spreads to the kidneys, it can cause more severe symptoms, including fever, back pain, and nausea.

Treatment of UTI

UTIs are more common in women than in men, and they can usually be treated effectively with antibiotics.

Nephrolithiasis, commonly known as kidney stones, refers to the formation of hard mineral and salt deposits in the kidneys. These stones can vary in size and may develop when urine becomes concentrated, allowing minerals to crystallize and stick together. 

Symptoms of kidney stones

Kidney stones can cause severe pain when they pass through the urinary tract. Symptoms may include intense pain in the back or side, pain during urination, blood in the urine, and sometimes nausea and vomiting. The pain often starts suddenly and may come in waves as the stone moves. 

Type of kidney stones

The main types of kidney stones include calcium stones (the most common type), struvite stones (which can form after a urinary tract infection), uric acid stones, and cystine stones (which are rare and usually occur in people with a genetic disorder). 

Treatment of kidney stones

Treatment for nephrolithiasis depends on the size and type of stone. Smaller stones may pass on their own with increased fluid intake and pain management, while larger stones may require medical intervention, such as extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) to break the stone into smaller pieces, or surgical removal. Preventative measures often include dietary adjustments and medications to reduce the risk of recurrence.

See the complete powerpoint presentation here.