के हो र कसरि उपचार गर्ने? के एक्ने उपचार सम्भव छ? Acne in Nepali
Table of contents (toc)
एकने भनेको के हो?
एकनेलाई अर्को सब्दमा एकने भल्गरिस नि भनिन्छ। यो एक छालासम्बन्धी रोग हो। यसमा छाला मा दाग आउनु को साथै घाउ समेत हुने गर्छ। यो प्राय जस्तो अनुहारमा आउछ भने घटी, गर्धन र पिठ्यु मा समेत आउने गर्दछ।
यसले कपालको जरालाई असर गर्दछ भने संगसंगै तेल ग्रन्थि मा समेत सुजन हुन्छ। ऐक्ने (Acne) छालामा आउने सानो रातो वा सेतो फोका वा डण्डिफोर हो। यसले विशेष गरी किशोरावस्थामा धेरैलाई प्रभावित गर्छ। अनुहार, ढाड, काँध र छातीमा बढी देखिन्छ।
एकने कसरि हुन्छ?
पिठ्युमा ए्कने
यो निम्न तरिका बाट हुन्छ।
तेल ग्रन्थि को प्वाल बन्द भएर
तेल धेरै उत्पादन भएर
क्युतिबयाक्तेरियम एक्नेस नामक कितानु को संक्रमण भएर
माथिका सबैले गर्दा सुजन भएर
छालामा तेल (Sebum) बढी उत्पादन हुनु
मरेका छाला कोषहरू जम्नु
ब्याक्टेरिया (Bacteria) को संक्रमण
हार्मोनल परिवर्तन (विशेष गरी किशोरावस्था, गर्भावस्था, वा महिनावारीको समयमा)
धेरै चिल्लो तथा मसलादार खानेकुरा सेवन
तनाव र मानसिक दबाब
अनुहार धेरै छोइरहने बानी
ऐक्ने रोकथामका उपायहरू
✅ अनुहार दिनको दुई पटक सफा गर्ने
✅ तेलीयो (Oily) वा चिल्लो क्रिम वा कस्मेटिक प्रयोग नगर्ने
✅ ताजा फलफूल, हरियो तरकारी र पानी प्रशस्त पिउने
✅ धेरै जसो अनुहार नछुने र डण्डिफोर नथिच्ने
✅ सरसफाइमा ध्यान दिने र सफा तकिया प्रयोग गर्ने
✅ तनाव कम गर्ने प्रयास गर्ने
ऐक्ने उपचारका घरेलु उपायहरू
🔹 मह र बेसार: महमा ब्याक्टेरियाको वृद्धि रोक्ने गुण हुन्छ। बेसारसँग मिलाएर लगाउँदा ऐक्ने घट्न सक्छ।
🔹 एलोवेरा जेल: एलोवेरा छालालाई शितल पार्ने र ऐक्ने कम गर्ने उपाय हो।
🔹 निमको पातको रस: निममा एन्टिब्याक्टेरियल गुण हुन्छ, जसले छाला सफा गर्छ।
🔹 बेकिङ सोडा: पानीसँग मिसाएर लगाउँदा छालाको अतिरिक्त तेल हटाउन मद्दत गर्छ।
🔹 गुलाब जल र कागतीको रस: छालालाई टोन गर्न मद्दत गर्छ।
चिकित्सकीय उपचार
यदि ऐक्ने धेरै गम्भीर छ भने, चिकित्सकको सल्लाह अनुसार यी उपचारहरू गर्न सकिन्छ:
मेडिकल फेसवास (Salicylic Acid वा Benzoyl Peroxide भएको)
एन्टिबायोटिक क्रिम वा औषधी
हार्मोनल उपचार (यदि हार्मोनको कारणले भएको छ भने)
निष्कर्ष
ऐक्ने सामान्य भए पनि यसले आत्मविश्वासमा असर पार्न सक्छ। सही सरसफाइ, उचित खानपान, घरेलु उपाय तथा आवश्यक परेमा चिकित्सकीय सल्लाह लिएर उपचार गर्न सकिन्छ।
Menstrual cups tips and tricks for old and new users 2025
Mastering Menstrual Cups: Essential Tips and Tricks for New and Experienced Users in 2023
Table of Contents (toc)
Menstrual cups tips
Menstrual cups have gained immense popularity in recent years for their eco-friendly nature, cost-effectiveness, and convenience. Whether you’re a seasoned user or new to the world of menstrual cups, there are always helpful tips and tricks to enhance your experience. In this article, we’ll share valuable insights and practical advice to help both old and new users make the most out of their menstrual cup journey in 2023. Let’s dive in!
Finding the perfect fit is crucial for a comfortable and leak-free experience. Consider factors such as size, firmness, and the cup’s capacity to select a cup that suits your body and flow.
Sterilize before first use:
Before using a new cup or after a long break, it’s essential to sterilize it by boiling it in water for a few minutes. This ensures optimal hygiene and cleanliness.
Practice different folding techniques:
Experiment with various folding techniques, such as the C-fold, punch-down fold, or 7-fold, to find the one that is most comfortable and provides easy insertion.
Relax and take your time:
Inserting a menstrual cup may require a learning curve. Be patient, relax your pelvic muscles, and take your time to find a technique that works best for you.
Locate your cervix:
Understanding the position of your cervix can help determine the cup’s placement. Some cups work better for high cervixes, while others are ideal for low cervixes. Explore and adjust accordingly.
Check the suction:
Once the cup is inserted, ensure a proper seal by rotating it or gently tugging the stem. You should feel resistance, indicating a secure suction. This prevents leaks and ensures a snug fit.
Trim the stem if needed:
If you find the stem of your cup protruding or causing discomfort, it’s safe to trim it to a length that feels comfortable for you. However, ensure not to cut too much as it can make removal challenging.
Empty and clean regularly:
Menstrual cups can be worn for up to 12 hours, but the frequency of emptying depends on your flow. Empty and rinse the cup with water every 4-8 hours to maintain hygiene.
Choose the right removal technique:
To remove the cup, use your pelvic muscles to push it lower and reach the base. Pinch the base to release the suction and gently wiggle the cup out. Don’t rush the process; take your time.
Clean and sanitize between cycles:
Between menstrual cycles, thoroughly clean and sanitize your cup. Follow the manufacturer’s instructions or use a specialized cup cleanser to ensure optimal hygiene.
Troubleshoot leaks:
If you experience leaks, check the cup’s position, ensure a proper seal, or consider trying a different cup size or shape that suits your body and flow.
Be prepared when in public:
Carry a water bottle or wipes in your bag for easy cleaning when emptying your cup in public restrooms without a sink nearby.
Overcome odor concerns:
To minimize any potential odor, rinse your cup with cold water before cleaning it with warm water and mild soap. You can also soak it in a mixture of water and vinegar.
Stay active with a cup:
Unlike pads and tampons, menstrual cups are suitable for various physical activities, including swimming, yoga, and sports. Once properly inserted, they provide reliable protection without movement restrictions.
Find your favorite folding and insertion method:
Experiment with different folding techniques and insertion angles to find the most comfortable and effective method for you. Some find it easier to insert while squatting or sitting on the toilet.
Use water-based lubricant if needed:
If you experience dryness or discomfort during insertion, applying a water-based lubricant on the rim of the cup can ease the process.
Embrace the learning process:
Remember, using a menstrual cup may require a few cycles to get comfortable and confident. Don’t get discouraged if you encounter initial challenges. It’s a journey worth embracing.
Join supportive communities:
Connect with online communities, forums, or social media groups dedicated to menstrual cup users. You can learn from others’ experiences, seek advice, and share your own tips and tricks.
Consider backup options:
During the learning phase or on heavy flow days, you may want to wear a panty liner or period underwear as a backup until you gain more confidence in your cup.
Replace as needed:
Menstrual cups are durable and can last for several years with proper care. However, if you notice any signs of wear and tear, such as discoloration or a change in texture, it’s time to replace your cup.
mens cup insert and removal tips
Conclusion:
Whether you’re a new or experienced menstrual cup user, these tips and tricks will help you navigate the world of menstrual cups with confidence and ease in 2023. Remember, each person’s experience is unique, so don’t hesitate to experiment, seek guidance from others, and make adjustments that work best for your body and flow. Embrace the freedom, comfort, and eco-friendliness that menstrual cups offer, and enjoy a more sustainable and hassle-free period experience.
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Sterilize before first use:
Practice different folding techniques:
Relax and take your time:
Locate your cervix:
Check the suction:
Trim the stem if needed:
Empty and clean regularly:
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postpartum blues vs depression vs psychosis explained well 2024
(toc)Table of Contents
Introduction
Postpartum blues vs depression vs psychosis
Although delivering a baby is typically a happy event, many postpartum women develop depressive symptoms. These symptoms may manifest as the postpartum blues, which consist of mild depressive symptoms that are generally self-limited, but may be a risk factor for more severe syndromes of major depression.
Why do postpartum psychiatric illnessed like blues, depression and psychosis occur?
Though clear pathophysiology is not understiiod it is hypothesized that it is due to the fact that during pregnancy hormones like estrogen are high in boody and suddent withdrawl or reduction in the level in blood leads to mood change and all the symptoms of the blues, depression or psychosis.
This is also attributable to the psychihatric status of the person before getting pregnany any family and genetic predisposition as well.
Oral contraceptive use that is associated with mood changes
Depressive syndromes predating pregnancy
Antepartum depressive symptoms
Caesarian section
Blues▶
——–
During the puerperium, mild, transient depressive symptoms such as dysphoria, insomnia, emotional lability, and decreased concentration occur in many women.
Postpartum blues is generally benign but may indicate future possibility of more severe psychiatric illness so careful watch mut be given immidiately and in the future as well .
✅Depressed. fatique. tearfulness, mood swings 30-70% ✅Starts 2-3 days >delivery, Resolves- within 10 days, No thoughts of harming baby ✅Rx – Support and follow up
Postpartum depression▶
—————————
The diagnostic criteria for postpartum major depression are the same criteria that are used to diagnose nonpuerperal major depression.
Depresses. Anxiety 10-15%
✅Starts within 12 weeks from delivery & persists > 2 weeks ✅Thoughts of harming +- ✅Rx – CBT & SSRIs
Postpartum Psychosis▶
————————-
Postpartum psychosis (or puerperal psychosis) is most often seen in patients that have been or will be diagnosed with bipolar disorder but can also occur in women with a major depression with psychosis, schizophrenia, or schizoaffective disorder. A subset of women experience isolated postpartum psychosis that does not progress to mood or psychotic episodes outside the postpartum time period [1].
The clinical picture of postpartum psychosis includes rapid onset of psychotic symptoms including hallucinations and delusions, bizarre behavior, confusion, and disorganization that may appear to be delirium. Postpartum psychosis constitutes a medical emergency and generally requires rapid intervention and hospitalization, as well as a comprehensive medical evaluation and psychiatric management.
Psychosis is a disturbance in an individual’s perception of reality. Psychosis can be manifested through one or more of the following:
Delusions – Fixed, false, idiosyncratic beliefs that are not culturally based.
Hallucinations – Sensory experiences without physical sensory stimulation including tactile, visual, auditory, gustatory, and olfactory sensations.
Thought disorganization.
Disorganized behavior.
✅Delusions, hallucinations 0.1-0.2% ✅Thoughts of harming or self + ✅Rx – Hospitalisation, Atypical antipsychotics
Glomerulonephritis vs Nephrotic syndrome 2024 Medical lecture ppt and video
Table of Contents(toc)
Glomerulonephritis
Glomerulonephritis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the glomeruli, which are the tiny filtering units in the kidneys. This inflammation can impair the kidneys’ ability to filter waste, leading to symptoms like swelling, high blood pressure, and changes in urine output.
There are two main types:
1. Acute Glomerulonephritis: A sudden onset of inflammation, often following infections like streptococcal throat infections. It can cause symptoms like hematuria (blood in urine), proteinuria (excess protein in urine), and edema (swelling).
2. Chronic Glomerulonephritis: A long-term condition where the inflammation persists, potentially leading to kidney damage and eventual kidney failure if not treated effectively.
Glomerulonephritis can be caused by autoimmune diseases, infections, or genetic conditions, and can lead to serious complications if left untreated.
Nephrotic syndrome
Nephrotic Syndrome is a kidney disorder characterized by a group of symptoms resulting from damage to the glomeruli, which impairs the kidneys’ ability to properly filter blood. This condition leads to excessive protein loss in the urine, resulting in low protein levels in the blood and fluid retention.
Key features of nephrotic syndrome include:
1. Proteinuria: High levels of protein in the urine, often greater than 3.5 grams per day.
2. Hypoalbuminemia: Low levels of albumin (a type of protein) in the blood.
3. Edema: Swelling, particularly in the legs, ankles, and around the eyes, due to fluid retention.
4. Hyperlipidemia: Elevated cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the blood.
Nephrotic syndrome can be caused by various underlying conditions, such as glomerulonephritis, diabetes, or autoimmune diseases. It is typically treated by addressing the underlying cause, controlling symptoms (like edema and high cholesterol), and sometimes using medications like corticosteroids or immunosuppressants.
Top must know question for your exam.
Glomerulonephritis vs Nephrotic Syndrome
Differentiation Between Nephrotic Syndrome and Nephritic Syndrome
Typical Features
Nephrotic
Nephritic
Onset
Insidious
Abrupt
Edema
++++
++
Blood pressure
Normal
Raised
Jugular venous pressure
Normal/low
Raised
Proteinuria
++++
++
Hematuria
May/may not occur
+++
Red blood cell casts
Absent
Present
Serum albumin
Low
Normal/slightly reduced
Here is a ppt presentation and video on glomerulonephritis for Health exams
preparation study tips health science Coaching syllabus wise MCQ test
loksewa psc license free institute .
खोप लगाउनु भनेको व्यक्तिको शारीरिर सुरक्षा बढाउने कामहो जसले खतरनाक रोगहरूबाट बचाउँदछ।
खोप नि:शुल्क पाइन्छ।
नेपालको सरकारले विभिन्न रुपका आधारमा नागरिकहरूलाई खोप नि:शुल्क रूपमा प्रदान गर्छ।
खोपले जीवन रक्षा गर्छ।
खोपले मानव जीवन रक्षा गर्दछ भन्ने कुरा वैज्ञानिक दृष्टिमा पनि प्रमाणित छ। खोपको प्रमुख कार्य रोगजन्य किटाणुका विरुद्ध लडाइ हो। जब मानवहरू खोपको प्रयोग गर्दछन्, रोगको प्रसार रोकिन्छ जसले विभिन्न जीवनमा राम्रो प्रभाव पार्दछ। यसले प्राणघातक रोग लाग्नबाट बचाएर मोर्बिडिटि र मोर्टालिटि हुन बाट जोगाउछ।
Vaccine allergies and AEFI Nepal राष्ट्रिय खोप तालिका:
They are not so common and most of them if occured any are minor. Anything big like anaphylaxis rarely occur.
Side effects of vaccine in nepali:
खोप लगाएको ठाउमा रातो हुने
बिमिरा आउने
हल्का जरो आउने
कन्ने
खान नमान्ने
रुने
एलर्जि र एनाफाइल्याक्सिस (कडा तर एकदम बिरलै हुने प्रतिक्रिया)
माथिका समस्या प्राय आफै निको भएर जान्छन। एलर्जि र एनाफाइल्याक्सिस बाहेक अन्यमा सामान्य रुपमा पारासिटामोल खाएमा सन्चो भएर आउछ।
Khop lagaune tarika खोप लगाउने तरिका र डोज नेपालीमा Route of administration of vaccines and dose
Vaccine route of administration and dose in nepali
Typhoid vaccine included in Nepal Guideline Since When
Bachelor of Public Health (BPH) Nepal Health Professional Council (NHPC) License Exam 2081 Model Set
Table of Contents(toc)
Here are 20 model questions for the Bachelor of Public Health (BPH) Nepal Health Professional Council (NHPC) License Exam:
Public Health & Epidemiology
What is the incubation period of Hepatitis A? a) 7–14 days b) 15–50 days c) 30–90 days d) 90–180 days
Which of the following is a key feature of descriptive epidemiology? a) Hypothesis testing b) Randomized control trials c) Distribution of disease in terms of person, place, and time d) Use of meta-analysis
The Basic Reproduction Number (R₀) of a disease refers to: a) The percentage of immune individuals in a population b) The average number of secondary cases generated by one case c) The number of deaths caused by the disease d) The incubation period of the disease
Biostatistics & Research Methodology
In biostatistics, p-value less than 0.05 indicates: a) The hypothesis is rejected b) The hypothesis is accepted c) No association between variables d) The study is invalid
Which sampling method ensures each individual has an equal chance of being selected? a) Stratified sampling b) Simple random sampling c) Snowball sampling d) Convenience sampling
Health Policy, Management & Health System
Nepal’s National Health Policy was first introduced in: a) 1991 b) 2004 c) 2015 d) 2018
The Primary Health Care (PHC) approach was officially introduced globally after: a) The Ottawa Charter b) The Alma-Ata Declaration c) The Sustainable Development Goals d) The Millennium Development Goals
Which of the following is not an indicator of health system performance? a) Infant mortality rate b) Number of medical colleges c) Life expectancy d) Maternal mortality ratio
Environmental & Occupational Health
The presence of arsenic in groundwater mainly leads to: a) Methemoglobinemia b) Fluorosis c) Skin cancer d) Itai-Itai disease
The main cause of indoor air pollution in rural Nepal is: a) Vehicular emissions b) Industrial waste c) Biomass fuel burning d) Ozone depletion
Communicable & Non-Communicable Diseases
The first case of COVID-19 in Nepal was reported in: a) December 2019 b) January 2020 c) March 2020 d) May 2020
Which of the following is not a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases? a) High blood pressure b) Tobacco use c) Physical activity d) Obesity
Reproductive, Maternal & Child Health
Which of the following is a leading cause of maternal mortality in Nepal? a) Road traffic accidents b) Postpartum hemorrhage c) HIV/AIDS d) Thyroid disorders
Exclusive breastfeeding is recommended for the first: a) 3 months b) 6 months c) 9 months d) 12 months
Nutrition & Food Safety
A deficiency of iodine during pregnancy can lead to: a) Night blindness b) Beriberi c) Cretinism d) Pellagra
Mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) is used to assess: a) Vitamin A deficiency b) Malnutrition c) Water intake d) Physical activity level
Disaster & Emergency Health Management
The first step in disaster risk management is: a) Response and recovery b) Risk assessment and mitigation c) Providing immediate aid d) Media coverage
In Nepal, a public health emergency is declared when: a) At least 50 cases of an outbreak occur b) There is a sudden rise in disease cases that affects public safety c) The WHO issues a global alert d) The Ministry of Health and Population issues a statement
Mental Health & Community Interventions
Which of the following is a key symptom of major depressive disorder? a) Increased social interaction b) Decreased need for sleep c) Persistent low mood and loss of interest d) Excessive physical energy
The Mental Health Policy of Nepal (1996) emphasizes: a) The establishment of mental hospitals in each province b) Integrating mental health services into primary health care c) Mental health services should only be provided in urban areas d) Restricting the use of psychotropic medications
First Dose of Amiodarone in ACLS: Guidelines, Dosage, and Administration
Table of Contents(toc)
Amiodarone is a critical antiarrhythmic medication used in Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support (ACLS) for managing life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias. Understanding the first dose of amiodarone in ACLS is essential for healthcare providers to ensure proper resuscitation and improve patient outcomes.
When to Use Amiodarone in ACLS
The American Heart Association (AHA) recommends amiodarone in ACLS for:
Pulseless Ventricular Tachycardia (pVT)
Ventricular Fibrillation (VF)
Recurrent or refractory ventricular arrhythmias
It is considered when shockable rhythms persist despite defibrillation and epinephrine administration.
First Dose of Amiodarone in ACLS
According to the ACLS guidelines, the initial dose of amiodarone in cardiac arrest is:
First dose:300 mg IV/IO push
Second dose (if needed):150 mg IV/IO push
The first dose of amiodarone should be administered as soon as possible after the second unsuccessful defibrillation attempt for VF or pulseless VT.
How to Administer Amiodarone in ACLS
Administer the first dose of amiodarone (300 mg) as a rapid IV push.
If the arrhythmia persists, give a second dose of 150 mg after 3-5 minutes.
Always flush with at least 20 mL of normal saline after administration.
Continuous cardiac monitoring is required to assess response and detect potential complications.
Post-Resuscitation Amiodarone Infusion
If the patient achieves Return of Spontaneous Circulation (ROSC) but is still at risk of arrhythmias, a maintenance infusion is recommended:
Loading dose: 150 mg over 10 minutes
Maintenance infusion: 1 mg/min for 6 hours, then 0.5 mg/min for 18 hours
Precautions and Side Effects
Hypotension – Can be minimized by slowing the infusion rate.
Bradycardia – May require temporary pacing or atropine.
QT prolongation – Risk of torsades de pointes, so continuous ECG monitoring is necessary.
Amiodarone vs. Lidocaine in ACLS
Although amiodarone is the preferred antiarrhythmic, lidocaine can be an alternative if amiodarone is unavailable. The first dose of lidocaine in ACLS is 1-1.5 mg/kg IV/IO, followed by additional doses if needed.
Conclusion
The first dose of amiodarone in ACLS is 300 mg IV push, followed by 150 mg if necessary. Proper administration of amiodarone can improve survival in patients with refractory ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia. Healthcare providers must be familiar with ACLS protocols to optimize patient outcomes in cardiac arrest situations.
By following evidence-based ACLS guidelines, clinicians can enhance the effectiveness of resuscitation efforts and increase the chances of a successful outcome.
ACLS Precourse Self-Assessment questions to test your understanding of key concepts 2025
Table of Contents(toc)
Rhythm Recognition
Identify the following rhythm on an ECG strip: Wide QRS, irregular, no P waves. A) Atrial fibrillation B) Ventricular fibrillation C) Torsades de pointes D) Sinus tachycardia
Which rhythm requires immediate defibrillation? A) Asystole B) Pulseless electrical activity (PEA) C) Ventricular tachycardia with a pulse D) Pulseless ventricular fibrillation
What is the first-line drug for stable narrow-complex supraventricular tachycardia (SVT)? A) Epinephrine B) Adenosine C) Amiodarone D) Atropine
Pharmacology
What is the recommended first dose of epinephrine during cardiac arrest? A) 0.5 mg IV B) 1 mg IV C) 2 mg IV D) 5 mg IV
Which medication is preferred for persistent ventricular tachycardia with a pulse? A) Adenosine B) Amiodarone C) Atropine D) Magnesium sulfate
Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)
A patient with chest pain has ST-segment elevation in leads II, III, and aVF. What type of myocardial infarction is most likely? A) Anterior MI B) Inferior MI C) Lateral MI D) Posterior MI
What is the first-line treatment for a suspected STEMI within 12 hours of symptom onset? A) Aspirin and nitroglycerin B) Fibrinolysis or PCI C) Beta-blockers and statins D) Morphine and oxygen
Bradycardia & Tachycardia Management
A patient presents with symptomatic bradycardia and a heart rate of 35 bpm. What is the first drug to administer? A) Epinephrine 1 mg IV B) Atropine 1 mg IV C) Amiodarone 300 mg IV D) Adenosine 6 mg IV
Which intervention is indicated for unstable monomorphic ventricular tachycardia with a pulse? A) Defibrillation B) Synchronized cardioversion C) Epinephrine push D) Amiodarone infusion
Post-Cardiac Arrest Care
After achieving return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), what is the target range for oxygen saturation (SpO₂)? A) 85-90% B) 90-94% C) 94-99% D) 100%
What is the recommended target temperature range for post-cardiac arrest hypothermia management? A) 28-30°C B) 31-33°C C) 32-36°C D) 36-38°C
Answer keys for the ACLS Precourse Self-Assessment questions
Topic wise answers are given below.
Rhythm Recognition
C) Torsades de pointes
D) Pulseless ventricular fibrillation
B) Adenosine
Pharmacology
B) 1 mg IV
B) Amiodarone
Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)
B) Inferior MI
B) Fibrinolysis or PCI
Bradycardia & Tachycardia Management
B) Atropine 1 mg IV
B) Synchronized cardioversion
Post-Cardiac Arrest Care
B) 90-94%
C) 32-36°C
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