National Antimicrobial Treatment Guidelines 2023

National  Antimicrobial  Treatment Guidelines  2023

NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE NEPAL 2021-2026

Table of Contents

List of Abbreviations and Acronyms ………………………………………………………………………….ii

Executive summary…………………………………………………………………………………………………… v

1. Background ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 1

1.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………………..2

1.2 Situation analysis and assessment of antimicrobial use (AMU) and 

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Nepal………………………………………………………………..4

1.2.1 AMR in man and animals……………………………………………………………………..4

1.2.2 Awareness and understanding of AMR………………………………………………..7

1.2.3 Surveillance of AMR …………………………………………………………………………….8

1.2.4 Infection prevention and control………………………………………………………..10

1.2.5 Optimum use of antimicrobials ………………………………………………………….10

1.2.6 Research and innovation ……………………………………………………………………12

2. Country response ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 12

2.1 Developing the National Action Plan on AMR …………………………………………..12

2.2 Governance mechanisms…………………………………………………………………………..13

2.2.1 Multisectoral steering committee – AMR……………………………………………14

2.2.2 National technical working committee (NTWC) – AMR ………………………14

2.2.3 Technical working committees (TWCs)……………………………………………….15

3. National Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance……………………………………………. 16

3.1 Goal ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….16

3.2 Objectives …………………………………………………………………………………………………16

3.3 Strategic priorities …………………………………………………………………………………….17

3.4 Strategic plan: interventions, activities, and key outputs ……………………………19

4. Institutional Arrangement ……………………………………………………………………………….. 55

5. Financial Resources …………………………………………………………………………………………. 55

6. Monitoring and Evaluation Plan ………………………………………………………………………. 55

7. Risks………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 58

8. Modification in annexure…………………………………………………………………………………. 58

iii

9. Right to explain……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 58

10. Automatically invalid……………………………………………………………………………………….. 58

11. References ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 59

Annex I: Governance committees and working group for AMR ………………………………. 64

Annex II: Prime Minister and sectoral ministers (Human, Animal, and Environment) 

messages on tackling Antimicrobial Resistance………………………………………………………. 72

Annex III : Costing of NAP AMR

Salter Harris Classification : The Must Know Topic in Orthopedics

Computer vision syndrome- how long does computer vision syndrome last?

Introduction to CVS

(ads1)

Understanding the Causes of Computer Vision Syndrome:

Exploring the role of prolonged screen time, blue light exposure, improper ergonomics, and other contributing factors. Here are some common causes of Computer Vision Syndrome:

1. Extended Screen Time
2. Poor Lighting
3. Improper Viewing Distance
4. Unfavorable Ergonomics
5. Uncorrected Vision Problems
6. Blue Light Exposure
7. Reduced Blinking
8. Poor Display Quality
9. Underlying Health Conditions
10. Inadequate Eye Care
11. Stress and Fatigue
12. Digital Device Overuse

It’s important to address these factors to prevent or alleviate symptoms of Computer Vision Syndrome. Simple adjustments to workstation ergonomics, frequent breaks, proper lighting, and using blue light filters on screens can help reduce eye strain. Regular eye exams are also essential for detecting and correcting any underlying vision problems.

The Impact of Blue Light on Eye Health:

• Delving into scientific research on blue light, its effects on circadian rhythms, and strategies to mitigate its negative impact on vision. 
• Blue light, a high-energy, short-wavelength light emitted by digital screens and LED lighting, has garnered significant attention for its potential impact on eye health. Exposure to blue light, especially from prolonged use of computers, smartphones, and other electronic devices, can have several effects on the eyes. Blue light penetrates deep into the eye, reaching the retina, which may lead to digital eye strain, characterized by symptoms like eye fatigue, dryness, and blurred vision. 
• Moreover, blue light exposure can disrupt the body’s natural sleep-wake cycle by suppressing the production of melatonin, a hormone crucial for regulating sleep. This disruption can result in difficulties falling asleep and poor sleep quality, ultimately affecting overall health and well-being. Additionally, some studies suggest that prolonged exposure to blue light may contribute to long-term eye health issues, such as an increased risk of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), though more research is needed to fully understand this association. 
• To mitigate the potential adverse effects of blue light, individuals can employ strategies like using blue light filters on screens, limiting screen time before bedtime, and taking regular breaks during extended periods of digital device use. Additionally, wearing glasses with lenses designed to block blue light can offer further protection against its harmful effects.

Eye flu

Practical Strategies for Eye Comfort:

• Providing actionable tips such as adjusting screen settings, proper lighting, ergonomic workstation setup, and the 20-20-20 rule.

1. Follow the 20-20-20 Rule
2. Optimize Screen Settings
3. Ensure Proper Lighting
4. Maintain Proper Viewing Distance
5. Blink Frequently
6. Practice Good Posture
7. Take Regular Breaks
8. Stay Hydrated
9. Consider Computer Glasses
10. Limit Screen Time Before Bed
11. Practice Eye Exercises

Implementing these practical strategies can help alleviate eye discomfort and promote overall eye health, especially for those who spend extended periods in front of screens.

Recognizing the Signs and Symptoms of CVS:

• Detailing common indicators of digital eye strain and how they manifest, including eye fatigue, headaches, dry eyes, and neck pain.

1. Eye Strain: Feeling of discomfort or tiredness in the eyes, often accompanied by soreness or irritation.
2. Headaches: Frequent headaches, particularly after extended periods of screen use.
3. Blurred Vision: Difficulty focusing or experiencing blurry vision, especially when shifting focus between the screen and other objects.
4. Dry Eyes: Feeling of dryness, burning, or itching in the eyes due to reduced blinking and inadequate tear production.
5. Double Vision: Seeing duplicate images or experiencing visual disturbances, which may occur temporarily during or after screen use.
6. Neck and Shoulder Pain: Muscular discomfort or tension in the neck, shoulders, or upper back, often resulting from poor posture or strain while using electronic devices.
7. Light Sensitivity: Increased sensitivity to light, particularly to glare from screens or bright lighting.
8. Difficulty with Concentration: Difficulty concentrating on tasks, reduced productivity, or decreased attention span, which may be attributed to eye discomfort and fatigue.
9. Watery Eyes: Experiencing excessive tearing or watery eyes as a result of eye strain and irritation.
10. Color Distortion: Perception of colors may appear altered or washed out, particularly after prolonged screen use.

Preventive Measures and Treatment Options:

• Discussing preventive measures like regular eye exams, specialized computer eyewear, blue light filters, and lifestyle adjustments to manage and alleviate CVS symptoms.

1. Follow the 20-20-20 Rule: Take a break every 20 minutes by looking at something 20 feet away for at least 20 seconds to reduce eye strain.
2. Optimize Screen Settings: Adjust screen brightness, contrast, and font size to comfortable levels. Decrease blue light emissions by using features like night mode or blue light filters.
3. Ensure Proper Lighting: Position your screen to avoid glare from windows or overhead lighting. Use indirect lighting and consider adding a desk lamp with adjustable brightness.
4. Maintain Proper Viewing Distance: Position your screen at arm’s length (about 20-26 inches away) and adjust the screen height so that your eyes are level with the top of the monitor.
5. Blink Frequently: Remind yourself to blink often to keep your eyes moist and prevent dryness. Consider using lubricating eye drops if necessary.
6. Practice Good Posture: Sit in a comfortable, ergonomic chair and maintain proper posture to reduce strain on your neck, shoulders, and back.
7. Take Regular Breaks: Incorporate short breaks into your screen time routine to rest your eyes and stretch your muscles. Use break reminders or timers as a helpful cue.
8. Stay Hydrated: Drink plenty of water throughout the day to maintain proper hydration, which can help prevent dry eyes.
9. Limit Screen Time Before Bed: Avoid using electronic devices at least an hour before bedtime to minimize blue light exposure and promote better sleep quality.
10. Use Computer Glasses: Consult with an eye care professional about prescription or non-prescription computer glasses with lenses designed to reduce glare and filter blue light.

Treatment options

Empowering Healthcare: A Closer Look at the Nepal Nursing

Nursing Council Model exam questions

Introduction

In the dynamic landscape of healthcare, nursing plays an indispensable role in providing holistic and compassionate care to patients. In Nepal, the torchbearer of this noble profession is the Nepal Nursing Council (NNC). Established to regulate and enhance nursing practices, education, and standards across the country, the NNC plays a pivotal role in shaping the healthcare ecosystem. In this article, we delve into the key functions, significance, and contributions of the Nepal Nursing Council.

A Historical Glimpse

Founded in 1972 under the Nepal Nursing Council Act, the NNC was established to oversee and regulate the nursing profession in Nepal. Since its inception, the council has strived to ensure that nursing education, practice, and research align with global standards, ultimately benefiting patients and promoting healthcare excellence.

Regulation and Licensing

One of the primary roles of the Nepal Nursing Council is to regulate and license nurses and nursing institutions across the country. The council sets the criteria for nursing education programs, ensuring that they adhere to rigorous standards. Aspiring nurses must pass the council’s licensing examination, which assesses their competency and knowledge before they can practice professionally. This meticulous process ensures that nurses are well-equipped to provide safe and effective care to patients.

Professional Development and Training

In an ever-evolving field like healthcare, continuous learning and professional development are paramount. The Nepal Nursing Council plays a vital role in facilitating workshops, seminars, and training sessions for nurses. These opportunities empower nurses to stay updated with the latest medical advancements, enhance their skills, and adapt to changing healthcare dynamics. By fostering a culture of lifelong learning, the council contributes to elevating the overall quality of healthcare services in Nepal.

Quality Assurance and Ethical Standards

Maintaining ethical standards and quality assurance within the nursing profession is integral to providing exceptional patient care. The Nepal Nursing Council sets a code of ethics that nurses are expected to uphold, ensuring that patients receive care that is not only competent but also compassionate. By enforcing these ethical guidelines, the council safeguards patient rights, dignity, and confidentiality.

Research and Innovation

Nursing research is a driving force behind the evolution of healthcare practices. The Nepal Nursing Council encourages and supports nursing research initiatives that contribute to evidence-based practices. By fostering an environment where nurses engage in research and innovation, the council contributes to the advancement of healthcare delivery and outcomes in Nepal.

Global Collaboration

In an increasingly interconnected world, collaboration with international nursing bodies is crucial. The Nepal Nursing Council collaborates with regional and global nursing organizations, allowing Nepali nurses to access a wealth of knowledge and resources. These partnerships facilitate knowledge exchange, best practice sharing, and exposure to global healthcare trends, ultimately enriching the nursing profession within the country.

Challenges and Future Outlook

While the Nepal Nursing Council has made significant strides, challenges persist. These include addressing the shortage of trained nursing faculty, ensuring the availability of modern healthcare infrastructure, and expanding access to nursing education in rural areas. Moving forward, the council’s commitment to innovation, collaboration, and adaptability will be vital in overcoming these challenges and advancing nursing practices in Nepal.

Conclusion

The Nepal Nursing Council stands as a beacon of excellence, ensuring that the nursing profession in Nepal is synonymous with quality, compassion, and competency. Through its regulatory efforts, professional development initiatives, ethical standards, and global collaborations, the council plays a crucial role in shaping the healthcare landscape of the nation. As Nepal continues its journey towards healthcare progress, the Nepal Nursing Council remains an essential pillar, empowering nurses and safeguarding the health and well-being of the Nepali population.

Ear diseases for loksewa and license preparation video class online

Here is video

Ear diseases

Please give us your feedback for improving it… thank you so much .

{
“@context”: “http://schema.org”,
“@type”: “VideoObject”,
“name”: “Ear infections, otitis media Loksewa Entrance MBBS/MD/MS and PSC in Nepal: Preparation Tips &Tricks”,
“description”: “Welcome to this comprehensive video on health exam questions that you might face in Loksewa Entrance MBBS/MD/MS and PSC exams in Nepal. This video provides you with essential tips and strategies to help you prepare efficiently and excel in these competitive exams. Looking for a one-stop-shop for all your medical-related exam preparation needs? Look no further than www.chaitanya.com.np! Our platform offers a vast array of medical-related content, including videos and articles on exam questions, study materials, and essential concepts in the health sciences. With our expert guidance and in-depth resources, you’ll have everything you need to excel in your medical entrance exams. Whether you’re a first-time test-taker or a repeat candidate, our platform will help you build a strong foundation in health science, enhance your knowledge, and improve your chances of success. So, why wait? Visit www.chaitanya.com.np today and take the first step towards it. At www.chaitanya.com.np, we understand that preparing for medical entrance exams can be challenging and time-consuming. That’s why we’ve designed our platform to provide you with the resources you need to prepare efficiently and effectively. Our content is curated by medical experts who have years of experience in the field and are committed to helping you succeed. Our platform offers a user-friendly interface that is easy to navigate and allows you to access content quickly and easily. Whether you’re looking for exam-related videos, study materials, or practice tests, you’ll find everything you need on our platform. We also offer articles and videos on various health-related topics. Our resources cover a wide range of subtopics, including human anatomy, physiology, pathology, pharmacology, healthcare management, public health, and more. With our comprehensive coverage of health science topics, you’ll be able to build a strong foundation of knowledge that will help you succeed in your medical career. At www.chaitanya.com.np, we’re committed to helping you achieve your goals. That’s why we offer high-quality content, expert guidance, and practical exam strategies to help you succeed in your medical entrance exams. The video covers a wide range of topics related to health, such as anatomy, physiology, pathology, pharmacology, health policy, healthcare management, and public health. We also discuss important aspects of healthcare careers, medical education, and medical profession. The video is designed to help you build a strong foundation in health science, enhance your knowledge, and improve your chances of success in medical entrance exams. Whether you are a first-time test-taker or a repeat candidate, our expert guidance will assist you in achieving your goal. This video is a one-stop-shop for all your exam preparation needs. It equips you with valuable study tips, exam strategies, and critical concepts to ace the health exam questions in Loksewa Entrance MBBS/MD/MS and PSC exams in Nepal. Top channel for Medical entrance exam, study materials, healthcare, medical schools, Lok Sewa Nepal, Public Service Commission, medical admission, MBBS, MD, MS, exam tips, Nepal. This video also covers various subtopics related to health sciences that are essential for the exams. We’ll discuss the different systems of the human body, including the respiratory, cardiovascular, and nervous systems, and their functions. We’ll also delve into the various types of diseases and their causes, symptoms, and treatments. You’ll learn about infectious diseases, chronic diseases, genetic disorders, and environmental factors that can impact health. Furthermore, this video provides an overview of the healthcare system in Nepal, including health policies, healthcare delivery systems, and the challenges faced by the healthcare industry in the country. This information will help you understand the context of the exam questions and how they relate to the current healthcare landscape in Nepal. As you prepare for these exams, it’s crucial to have access to high-quality study materials. That’s why we’ll recommend some of the best study resources and practice materials that you can use to prepare effectively. Additionally, we’ll provide you with tips on how to use these resources to maximize your exam preparation. Overall, this video is an excellent resource for anyone looking to prepare for the Loksewa Entrance MBBS/MD/MS and PSC exams in Nepal. It provides comprehensive coverage of critical health science topics, practical exam strategies, and recommended study resources. By following the guidance provided in this video, you can be confident in your preparation and achieve success in your medical entrance exams. We also cover topics related to Human anatomy, human physiology, disease pathology, infectious diseases, chronic diseases, genetic disorders, environmental health, healthcare policies, healthcare delivery systems, healthcare challenges, study resources, exam strategies.”,
“thumbnailUrl”: “https://i.ytimg.com/vi/5rcLLiLd5Wg/default.jpg”,
“uploadDate”: “2023-05-27T17:25:26Z”,
“duration”: “PT54M33S”,
“embedUrl”: “https://www.youtube.com/embed/5rcLLiLd5Wg”,
“interactionCount”: “23”
}

BMI Calculator

WHO classsification of BMI and bodyweight

Kilograms
Grams
Pounds

Meters
Centimeters
Feet
Inches

Calculate

BMI Range (kg/m2)	BMI Range (lb/ft2)	Category
< 18.5	< 0.703	Underweight
18.5 – 24.9	0.703 – 0.956	Normal weight
25 – 29.9	0.957 – 1.106	Overweight
30 – 34.9	1.107 – 1.286	Obese I
35 – 39.9	1.287 – 1.473	Obese II
≥ 40	≥ 1.474	Obese III

function calculateBMI() {
var weight = parseFloat(document.getElementById(‘weight’).value);
var height = parseFloat(document.getElementById(‘height’).value);
var weightUnit = document.getElementById(‘weightUnit’).value;
var heightUnit = document.getElementById(‘heightUnit’).value;
var bmi;

if (weightUnit === ‘g’) {
weight = weight / 1000;
} else if (weightUnit === ‘lb’) {
weight = weight * 0.453592;
}

if (heightUnit === ‘cm’) {
height = height / 100;
} else if (heightUnit === ‘ft’) {
height = height * 0.3048;
} else if (heightUnit === ‘in’) {
height = height * 0.0254;
}

bmi = weight / (height * height);

var resultElement = document.getElementById(‘result’);
resultElement.innerHTML = ‘Your BMI: ‘ + bmi.toFixed(2) + ‘‘;

var referenceTable = document.getElementById(‘referenceTable’);
var category = ”;

if (bmi = 18.5 && bmi = 25 && bmi = 30 && bmi = 35 && bmi < 40) {
category = 'Obese II';
resultElement.style.color = '#ff3300';
} else {
category = 'Obese III';
resultElement.style.color = '#ff0000';
}

resultElement.innerHTML += '
Category: ‘ + category + ‘‘;
}