Here are 30 multiple-choice questions (MCQs) in the CMA Loksewa model format, based on real and past exam patterns in Nepal. Answer keys are listed at the end.
1. Which of the following is the largest organ in the human body?
a) Liver
b) Heart
c) Skin
d) Kidney
2. What is the normal range of hemoglobin in adult males?
a) 9-11 g/dL
b) 12-16 g/dL
c) 14-18 g/dL
d) 10-14 g/dL
3. The sinoatrial (SA) node is located in which part of the heart?
a) Right atrium
b) Left atrium
c) Right ventricle
d) Left ventricle
4. Which blood cells are responsible for clotting?
a) Erythrocytes
b) Leukocytes
c) Thrombocytes
d) Monocytes
5. The primary function of the nephron is:
a) Production of insulin
b) Filtration of blood
c) Transport of oxygen
d) Regulation of blood pressure
6. Paracetamol is mainly used as a:
a) Antibiotic
b) Antipyretic
c) Anticoagulant
d) Antihypertensive
7. What is the antidote for paracetamol overdose?
a) Naloxone
b) Atropine
c) N-acetylcysteine
d) Flumazenil
8. Which of the following drugs is NOT a beta-blocker?
a) Atenolol
b) Propranolol
c) Nifedipine
d) Metoprolol
9. Which vitamin deficiency leads to night blindness?
a) Vitamin A
b) Vitamin B1
c) Vitamin C
d) Vitamin K
10. Metformin is used to treat:
a) Hypertension
c) Epilepsy
d) Asthma
11. Koch’s postulates are used to identify:
a) Bacteria causing disease
b) Normal flora of the body
c) Cancerous cells
d) Genetic disorders
12. Sterilization means:
a) Killing all microorganisms including spores
b) Killing only bacteria
c) Removal of dirt and debris
d) Washing hands with soap
13. Which of the following is a Gram-negative bacteria?
a) Staphylococcus aureus
b) Clostridium tetani
c) Escherichia coli
d) Bacillus anthracis
14. Hepatitis B is transmitted through:
a) Contaminated food
b) Contaminated water
c) Blood and body fluids
d) Airborne droplets
15. Autoclaving is done at:
a) 100°C for 30 minutes
b) 121°C for 15 minutes under 15 psi pressure
c) 70°C for 20 minutes
d) 200°C for 10 minutes
16. The infant mortality rate (IMR) refers to the number of deaths per 1,000 live births in:
a) First 28 days of life
b) First 6 months of life
c) First year of life
d) First 5 years of life
17. DOTS strategy is used in the treatment of:
a) Malaria
b) Tuberculosis
c) HIV/AIDS
d) Typhoid
18. The main goal of primary health care is:
a) Specialized medical services
b) Costly healthcare facilities
c) Prevention and promotion of health
d) Only curative services
19. The normal BMI range for a healthy adult is:
a) 10-15 kg/m²
b) 18.5-24.9 kg/m²
c) 25-30 kg/m²
d) 30-35 kg/m²
20. Which vaccine is given at birth in Nepal’s immunization schedule?
a) OPV
b) DPT
c) BCG
d) Hepatitis A
21. CPR compression rate for adults is:
a) 30 compressions per minute
b) 60 compressions per minute
c) 100-120 compressions per minute
d) 200 compressions per minute
22. Which is the best method to control severe bleeding?
a) Elevation
b) Applying direct pressure
c) Applying ice
d) Giving aspirin
23. Burns covering more than 30% of body surface area are classified as:
a) Minor burns
b) Moderate burns
c) Severe burns
d) First-degree burns
24. Choking in an adult should be managed using:
a) Chest compressions
b) Heimlich maneuver
c) Giving water
d) Holding breath
25. Fracture immobilization is done using:
a) Stethoscope
b) Bandage
c) Splint
d) Tourniquet
26. The current health minister of Nepal (as of 2025) is:
a) (Check latest)
27. The number of provincial hospitals in Nepal is:
a) 5
b) 7
c) 10
d) 12
28. Health ethics emphasize:
a) Patient confidentiality
b) Selling expensive medicines
c) Prioritizing rich patients
d) Hiding medical errors
29. The full form of NHRC in Nepal is:
a) National Health Resource Center
b) National Human Rights Commission
c) Nepal Health Research Council
d) Nepal Hospital and Research Center
30. Janakpur is the capital of:
a) Province 1
b) Bagmati Province
c) Madhesh Province
d) Lumbini Province
1. c) Skin
2. c) 14-18 g/dL
3. a) Right atrium
4. c) Thrombocytes
5. b) Filtration of blood
6. b) Antipyretic
7. c) N-acetylcysteine
8. c) Nifedipine
9. a) Vitamin A
10. b) Diabetes mellitus
11. a) Bacteria causing disease
12. a) Killing all microorganisms including spores
13. c) Escherichia coli
14. c) Blood and body fluids
15. b) 121°C for 15 minutes under 15 psi pressure
16. c) First year of life
17. b) Tuberculosis
18. c) Prevention and promotion of health
19. b) 18.5-24.9 kg/m²
20. c) BCG
21. c) 100-120 compressions per minute
22. b) Applying direct pressure
23. c) Severe burns
24. b) Heimlich maneuver
25. c) Splint
26-27. (Check latest info)
28. B a) Patient confidentiality
29. c) Nepal Health Research Council
30. c) Madhesh Province
Let me know if you need more!
एकनेलाई अर्को सब्दमा एकने भल्गरिस नि भनिन्छ। यो एक छालासम्बन्धी रोग हो। यसमा छाला मा दाग आउनु को साथै घाउ समेत हुने गर्छ। यो प्राय जस्तो अनुहारमा आउछ भने घटी, गर्धन र पिठ्यु मा समेत आउने गर्दछ।
यसले कपालको जरालाई असर गर्दछ भने संगसंगै तेल ग्रन्थि मा समेत सुजन हुन्छ। ऐक्ने (Acne) छालामा आउने सानो रातो वा सेतो फोका वा डण्डिफोर हो। यसले विशेष गरी किशोरावस्थामा धेरैलाई प्रभावित गर्छ। अनुहार, ढाड, काँध र छातीमा बढी देखिन्छ।
 |
| पिठ्युमा ए्कने |
यो निम्न तरिका बाट हुन्छ।
WBC stands for White Blood Cells, which are a component of the immune system responsible for defending the body against infections and diseases.
Introduction
 |
| WBC Types normal |
Immunization?
Ans: b (2 to 4 days)
Ans: c (Excessive production of WBC)
Ans: c ( Leucopoiesis)
Ans: d (4000- 11000/mm3)
Ans: a (Colorless)
Ans: d (all of these)
Ans: b ( Leukocytes)
Ans: c ( fight against infection)
Ans: a (An ANC of less than 500)
Mastering Menstrual Cups: Essential Tips and Tricks for New and Experienced Users in 2023
Table of Contents (toc)
 |
| Menstrual cups tips |
Menstrual cups have gained immense popularity in recent years for their eco-friendly nature, cost-effectiveness, and convenience. Whether you’re a seasoned user or new to the world of menstrual cups, there are always helpful tips and tricks to enhance your experience. In this article, we’ll share valuable insights and practical advice to help both old and new users make the most out of their menstrual cup journey in 2023. Let’s dive in!
Finding the perfect fit is crucial for a comfortable and leak-free experience. Consider factors such as size, firmness, and the cup’s capacity to select a cup that suits your body and flow.
Before using a new cup or after a long break, it’s essential to sterilize it by boiling it in water for a few minutes. This ensures optimal hygiene and cleanliness.
Experiment with various folding techniques, such as the C-fold, punch-down fold, or 7-fold, to find the one that is most comfortable and provides easy insertion.
Inserting a menstrual cup may require a learning curve. Be patient, relax your pelvic muscles, and take your time to find a technique that works best for you.
Understanding the position of your cervix can help determine the cup’s placement. Some cups work better for high cervixes, while others are ideal for low cervixes. Explore and adjust accordingly.
Once the cup is inserted, ensure a proper seal by rotating it or gently tugging the stem. You should feel resistance, indicating a secure suction. This prevents leaks and ensures a snug fit.
If you find the stem of your cup protruding or causing discomfort, it’s safe to trim it to a length that feels comfortable for you. However, ensure not to cut too much as it can make removal challenging.
Menstrual cups can be worn for up to 12 hours, but the frequency of emptying depends on your flow. Empty and rinse the cup with water every 4-8 hours to maintain hygiene.
To remove the cup, use your pelvic muscles to push it lower and reach the base. Pinch the base to release the suction and gently wiggle the cup out. Don’t rush the process; take your time.
Between menstrual cycles, thoroughly clean and sanitize your cup. Follow the manufacturer’s instructions or use a specialized cup cleanser to ensure optimal hygiene.
If you experience leaks, check the cup’s position, ensure a proper seal, or consider trying a different cup size or shape that suits your body and flow.
Carry a water bottle or wipes in your bag for easy cleaning when emptying your cup in public restrooms without a sink nearby.
To minimize any potential odor, rinse your cup with cold water before cleaning it with warm water and mild soap. You can also soak it in a mixture of water and vinegar.
Unlike pads and tampons, menstrual cups are suitable for various physical activities, including swimming, yoga, and sports. Once properly inserted, they provide reliable protection without movement restrictions.
Experiment with different folding techniques and insertion angles to find the most comfortable and effective method for you. Some find it easier to insert while squatting or sitting on the toilet.
If you experience dryness or discomfort during insertion, applying a water-based lubricant on the rim of the cup can ease the process.
Remember, using a menstrual cup may require a few cycles to get comfortable and confident. Don’t get discouraged if you encounter initial challenges. It’s a journey worth embracing.
Connect with online communities, forums, or social media groups dedicated to menstrual cup users. You can learn from others’ experiences, seek advice, and share your own tips and tricks.
During the learning phase or on heavy flow days, you may want to wear a panty liner or period underwear as a backup until you gain more confidence in your cup.
Menstrual cups are durable and can last for several years with proper care. However, if you notice any signs of wear and tear, such as discoloration or a change in texture, it’s time to replace your cup.
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| mens cup insert and removal tips |
Whether you’re a new or experienced menstrual cup user, these tips and tricks will help you navigate the world of menstrual cups with confidence and ease in 2023. Remember, each person’s experience is unique, so don’t hesitate to experiment, seek guidance from others, and make adjustments that work best for your body and flow. Embrace the freedom, comfort, and eco-friendliness that menstrual cups offer, and enjoy a more sustainable and hassle-free period experience.
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 |
| Postpartum blues vs depression vs psychosis |
Although delivering a baby is typically a happy event, many postpartum women develop depressive symptoms. These symptoms may manifest as the postpartum blues, which consist of mild depressive symptoms that are generally self-limited, but may be a risk factor for more severe syndromes of major depression.
✅Depressed. fatique. tearfulness, mood swings 30-70%
✅Starts 2-3 days >delivery, Resolves- within 10 days, No thoughts of harming baby
✅Rx – Support and follow up
—————————
Depresses. Anxiety 10-15%
✅Starts within 12 weeks from delivery & persists > 2 weeks
✅Thoughts of harming +-
✅Rx – CBT & SSRIs
————————-
Here are some multiple-choice questions (MCQs) regarding the digestive system:
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| NHPC Digestive system MCQ 2080 |
Glomerulonephritis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the glomeruli, which are the tiny filtering units in the kidneys. This inflammation can impair the kidneys’ ability to filter waste, leading to symptoms like swelling, high blood pressure, and changes in urine output.
1. Acute Glomerulonephritis: A sudden onset of inflammation, often following infections like streptococcal throat infections. It can cause symptoms like hematuria (blood in urine), proteinuria (excess protein in urine), and edema (swelling).
2. Chronic Glomerulonephritis: A long-term condition where the inflammation persists, potentially leading to kidney damage and eventual kidney failure if not treated effectively.
Glomerulonephritis can be caused by autoimmune diseases, infections, or genetic conditions, and can lead to serious complications if left untreated.
Nephrotic Syndrome is a kidney disorder characterized by a group of symptoms resulting from damage to the glomeruli, which impairs the kidneys’ ability to properly filter blood. This condition leads to excessive protein loss in the urine, resulting in low protein levels in the blood and fluid retention.
1. Proteinuria: High levels of protein in the urine, often greater than 3.5 grams per day.
2. Hypoalbuminemia: Low levels of albumin (a type of protein) in the blood.
3. Edema: Swelling, particularly in the legs, ankles, and around the eyes, due to fluid retention.
4. Hyperlipidemia: Elevated cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the blood.
Nephrotic syndrome can be caused by various underlying conditions, such as glomerulonephritis, diabetes, or autoimmune diseases. It is typically treated by addressing the underlying cause, controlling symptoms (like edema and high cholesterol), and sometimes using medications like corticosteroids or immunosuppressants.
| Differentiation Between Nephrotic Syndrome and Nephritic Syndrome | ||
|---|---|---|
| Typical Features | Nephrotic | Nephritic |
| Onset | Insidious | Abrupt |
| Edema | ++++ | ++ |
| Blood pressure | Normal | Raised |
| Jugular venous pressure | Normal/low | Raised |
| Proteinuria | ++++ | ++ |
| Hematuria | May/may not occur | +++ |
| Red blood cell casts | Absent | Present |
| Serum albumin | Low | Normal/slightly reduced |
खोप सुरक्षित छ।
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| Vaccine route of administration and dose in nepali |
Here are 20 model questions for the Bachelor of Public Health (BPH) Nepal Health Professional Council (NHPC) License Exam:
What is the incubation period of Hepatitis A?
a) 7–14 days
b) 15–50 days
c) 30–90 days
d) 90–180 days
Which of the following is a key feature of descriptive epidemiology?
a) Hypothesis testing
b) Randomized control trials
c) Distribution of disease in terms of person, place, and time
d) Use of meta-analysis
The Basic Reproduction Number (R₀) of a disease refers to:
a) The percentage of immune individuals in a population
b) The average number of secondary cases generated by one case
c) The number of deaths caused by the disease
d) The incubation period of the disease
In biostatistics, p-value less than 0.05 indicates:
a) The hypothesis is rejected
b) The hypothesis is accepted
c) No association between variables
d) The study is invalid
Which sampling method ensures each individual has an equal chance of being selected?
a) Stratified sampling
b) Simple random sampling
c) Snowball sampling
d) Convenience sampling
Nepal’s National Health Policy was first introduced in:
a) 1991
b) 2004
c) 2015
d) 2018
The Primary Health Care (PHC) approach was officially introduced globally after:
a) The Ottawa Charter
b) The Alma-Ata Declaration
c) The Sustainable Development Goals
d) The Millennium Development Goals
Which of the following is not an indicator of health system performance?
a) Infant mortality rate
b) Number of medical colleges
c) Life expectancy
d) Maternal mortality ratio
The presence of arsenic in groundwater mainly leads to:
a) Methemoglobinemia
b) Fluorosis
c) Skin cancer
d) Itai-Itai disease
The main cause of indoor air pollution in rural Nepal is:
a) Vehicular emissions
b) Industrial waste
c) Biomass fuel burning
d) Ozone depletion
The first case of COVID-19 in Nepal was reported in:
a) December 2019
b) January 2020
c) March 2020
d) May 2020
Which of the following is not a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases?
a) High blood pressure
b) Tobacco use
c) Physical activity
d) Obesity
Which of the following is a leading cause of maternal mortality in Nepal?
a) Road traffic accidents
b) Postpartum hemorrhage
c) HIV/AIDS
d) Thyroid disorders
Exclusive breastfeeding is recommended for the first:
a) 3 months
b) 6 months
c) 9 months
d) 12 months
A deficiency of iodine during pregnancy can lead to:
a) Night blindness
b) Beriberi
c) Cretinism
d) Pellagra
Mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) is used to assess:
a) Vitamin A deficiency
b) Malnutrition
c) Water intake
d) Physical activity level
The first step in disaster risk management is:
a) Response and recovery
b) Risk assessment and mitigation
c) Providing immediate aid
d) Media coverage
In Nepal, a public health emergency is declared when:
a) At least 50 cases of an outbreak occur
b) There is a sudden rise in disease cases that affects public safety
c) The WHO issues a global alert
d) The Ministry of Health and Population issues a statement
Which of the following is a key symptom of major depressive disorder?
a) Increased social interaction
b) Decreased need for sleep
c) Persistent low mood and loss of interest
d) Excessive physical energy
The Mental Health Policy of Nepal (1996) emphasizes:
a) The establishment of mental hospitals in each province
b) Integrating mental health services into primary health care
c) Mental health services should only be provided in urban areas
d) Restricting the use of psychotropic medications
